Table 7 Linguistic profiles informing potential, personalized therapeutic targets per group.
From: Language biomarker screening using AI: a transdiagnostic approach to the brain
Group | Lexicon & vocabulary | Phonology & morphology | Syntax & structure | Readability & complexity | Notable patterns / compensations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LHD | Fewer total words, lower lexical diversity | Reduced syllable complexity; fewer nouns, verbs, and modifiers | Shorter, simpler sentences | Language is markedly easier to read | Impoverished semantic, lexical, phonological, syntactic output |
TBI | Fewer total and content words but relatively higher diversity within reduced output | Simpler phonology; mixed morphological use with some compensatory strategies | Shorter, less complex sentences | Language objectively simplified | Varied vocabulary despite reduced output; simpler language in terms of readability; simpler syntax |
Dementia (amnestic) | Slight reductions in word count and diversity; preference for shorter words | Phonology largely intact; mild reductions in some word classes | Mild reduction in complex structures (e.g., dependent clauses) | Moderately simplified language | High individual variability; some objective semantic, lexical, morphological, and syntactic simplification |
MCI (mostly amnestic) | Fewer total and content words but relatively higher diversity within reduced output | Mild phonological impairments: morphology largely preserved | Shorter sentences; reduced use of complex syntax (e.g., prepositional phrases) | Language simpler and more accessible than controls | Varied vocabulary despite reduced output; simpler language in terms of readability; simpler syntax |
RHD | Similar to healthy controls overall, small decrease in comparative adjectives, second-person pronouns and cardinal numbers | Phonology and morphology largely intact | Syntax comparable to controls | No significant changes | Subtle decreases in specific vocabulary (e.g., comparative adjectives) |
