Table 13 Comparative training, validation, and test accuracy & loss—DenseNet121 (Kaggle Binary Class & NDB-UFES Multiclass OSCC Dataset).

From: Deep visual detection system for oral squamous cell carcinoma

Metric

Kaggle Dataset (Epochs = 20, Batch Size = 64)

NDB-UFES Dataset (Epochs = 20, Batch Size = 64)

Train loss

3.0689

1.2197

Training accuracy

0.8914

0.5447

Validation loss

2.9701

1.2192

Validation accuracy

0.8651

0.5478

Test loss

2.9852

1.2174

Test accuracy

0.8690

0.5476