Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

Advertisement

Scientific Reports
  • View all journals
  • Search
  • My Account Login
  • Content Explore content
  • About the journal
  • Publish with us
  • Sign up for alerts
  • RSS feed
  1. nature
  2. scientific reports
  3. articles
  4. article
Recognizing resilience evolution and connectivity in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration
Download PDF
Download PDF
  • Article
  • Open access
  • Published: 09 January 2026

Recognizing resilience evolution and connectivity in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration

  • Xihui Wang1,
  • Mei Sun1 &
  • Minlian Wu1 

Scientific Reports , Article number:  (2026) Cite this article

  • 666 Accesses

  • Metrics details

We are providing an unedited version of this manuscript to give early access to its findings. Before final publication, the manuscript will undergo further editing. Please note there may be errors present which affect the content, and all legal disclaimers apply.

Subjects

  • Environmental social sciences
  • Natural hazards

Abstract

Urban infrastructure resilience is critical for sustainable development in rapidly urbanising regions. However, existing assessments often fail to capture the complex interdependencies between cities, which limits our understanding of topological evolution of resilience networks at the regional scale. This study presents a novel framework that integrates the pressure-state-response model with complex network theory to evaluate the evolution of infrastructure resilience across 41 cities in China’s Yangtze River Delta (YRD) from 2013 to 2022. With the help of ArcGIS and network analysis, considerable spatiotemporal dynamics was uncovered. Key results show that rapid resilience improvements in core cities have exacerbated regional inequalities. The performance in pressure, state and response subsystems exhibited distinct regional patterns. Network analysis indicated an increased cooperation in state and response systems, and the distribution of pressure sources was relatively dispersed. Furthermore, key node cities were most dynamic within the pressure network and remained relatively stable in the state and response networks. These insights offer a valuable decision-support tool for achieving balanced and resilient urban construction in the YRD and similar metropolitan regions.

Similar content being viewed by others

Resilience assessment of urban connected infrastructure networks

Article Open access 05 June 2025

The interplay and synergistic relationship between urban land expansion and urban resilience across the three principal metropolitan regions of the Yangtze River Basin

Article Open access 30 December 2024

Spatiotemporal dynamic and driving factors of ecological resilience during urbanization in the yellow river basin

Article Open access 19 January 2026

Data availability

Data is provided within the supplementary information files. The data of Indicator X4 that support the findings of this study are available from National Meteorological Science Data Center but restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were used under license for the current study, and so are not publicly available. Data are however available from the authors upon reasonable request and with permission of National Meteorological Science Data Center.

References

  1. Feng, X., Zeng, F., Loo, B. P. & Zhong, Y. The evolution of urban ecological resilience: an evaluation framework based on vulnerability, sensitivity and self-organization. Sustainable Cities Soc. 116, 105933 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  2. Aguilar-Barajas, I., Sisto, N. P., Ramirez, A. I. & Magaña-Rueda, V. Building urban resilience and knowledge co-production in the face of weather hazards: flash floods in the Monterrey metropolitan area (Mexico). Environ. Sci. Policy. 99, 37–47 (2019).

    Google Scholar 

  3. Sun, Y., Chau, P. H., Wong, M. & Woo, J. Place-and age-responsive disaster risk reduction for Hong kong: collaborative place audit and social vulnerability index for elders. Int. J. Disaster Risk Sci. 8, 121–133 (2017).

    Google Scholar 

  4. Rolf, M. et al. Flooding frequency and floodplain topography determine abundance of microplastics in an alluvial rhine soil. Sci. Total Environ. 836, 155141 (2022).

    Google Scholar 

  5. Zhang, X., Song, J., Peng, J. & Wu, J. Landslides-oriented urban disaster resilience assessment—A case study in ShenZhen, China. Sci. Total Environ. 661, 95–106 (2019).

    Google Scholar 

  6. Ayyub, B. M. Systems resilience for multihazard environments: Definition, metrics, and valuation for decision making. Risk Anal. 34, 340–355 (2014).

    Google Scholar 

  7. Dhakal, S. & Zhang, L. A social welfare-based infrastructure resilience assessment framework: toward equitable resilience for infrastructure development. Nat. Hazards Rev. 24, 04022043 (2023).

    Google Scholar 

  8. Hémond, Y. & Robert, B. Evaluation of state of resilience for a critical infrastructure in a context of interdependencies. Int. J. Crit. Infrastruct. 4, 95–106 (2012).

    Google Scholar 

  9. Karamouz, M., Taheri, M., Khalili, P. & Chen, X. Building infrastructure resilience in coastal flood risk management. J. Water Resour. Plan. Manag. 145, 0001043 (2019).

    Google Scholar 

  10. Nogal, M., O’Connor, A., Martinez-Pastor, B. & Caulfield, B. Novel probabilistic resilience assessment framework of transportation networks against extreme weather events. Asce-Asme J. Risk Uncertain. Eng. Syst. Part. a-Civil Eng. 3, 04017003 (2017).

    Google Scholar 

  11. Cutter, S. L., Ash, K. D. & Emrich, C. T. Urban–rural differences in disaster resilience. Annals Am. Association Geographers. 106, 1236–1252 (2016).

    Google Scholar 

  12. Quinlan, A. E., Berbés-Blázquez, M., Haider, L. J. & Peterson, G. D. Measuring and assessing resilience: broadening Understanding through multiple disciplinary perspectives. J. Appl. Ecol. 53, 677–687 (2016).

    Google Scholar 

  13. Huang, W. & Ling, M. System resilience assessment method of urban lifeline system for GIS. Comput. Environ. Urban Syst. 71, 67–80 (2018).

    Google Scholar 

  14. Chen, T., Chen, L., Shao, Z. & Chai, H. Enhanced resilience in urban stormwater management through model predictive control and optimal layout schemes under extreme rainfall events. J. Environ. Manage. 366, 121767 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  15. Orencio, P. M. & Fujii, M. A localized disaster-resilience index to assess coastal communities based on an analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct. 3, 62–75 (2013).

    Google Scholar 

  16. Zarei, E., Ramavandi, B., Darabi, A. H. & Omidvar, M. A framework for resilience assessment in process systems using a fuzzy hybrid MCDM model. J. Loss Prev. Process Ind. 69, 104375 (2021).

    Google Scholar 

  17. Jiao, L. et al. An assessment model for urban resilience based on the pressure-state-response framework and BP-GA neural network. Urban Clim. 49, 101543 (2023).

    Google Scholar 

  18. Ge, Y., Jia, W., Zhao, H. & Xiang, P. A framework for urban resilience measurement and enhancement strategies: A case study in Qingdao, China. J. Environ. Manage. 367, 122047 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  19. Sun, Y. & Cui, Y. Analyzing the coupling coordination among economic, social, and environmental benefits of urban infrastructure: Case study of four Chinese autonomous municipalities. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 8280328 (2018). (2018).

  20. Rapport, D. Towards a comprehensive framework for environmental statistics: a stress-response approach. Statistics Canada. https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.896799/publication.html (1979).

  21. Khatun, R. & Das, S. Assessment of wetland ecosystem health in Rarh Region, India through PSR (pressure-state-response) model. Sci. Total Environ. 951, 175700 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  22. Zhao, Y., Zhou, L., Dong, B. & Dai, C. Health assessment for urban rivers based on the pressure, state and response framework—A case study of the Shiwuli river. Ecol. Ind. 99, 324–331 (2019).

    Google Scholar 

  23. Zhang, T., Sun, Y., Zhang, X., Yin, L. & Zhang, B. Potential heterogeneity of urban ecological resilience and urbanization in multiple urban agglomerations from a landscape perspective. J. Environ. Manage. 342, 118129 (2023).

    Google Scholar 

  24. Chen, X. et al. Assessment of flood risk in Jinsha river basin based on land use value and PSR model. Phys. Chem. Earth Parts A/B/C. 141, 104139 (2025).

    Google Scholar 

  25. Jatav, S. S. & Naik, K. Measuring the agricultural sustainability of india: an application of Pressure-State-Response (PSR) model. Reg. Sustain. 4, 218–234 (2023).

    Google Scholar 

  26. Casali, Y., Aydin, N. Y. & Comes, T. A data-driven approach to analyse the co-evolution of urban systems through a resilience lens: A Helsinki case study. Environ. Plann. B: Urban Analytics City Sci. 51, 2074–2091 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  27. Zhang, R., Li, Y., Li, C. & Chen, T. A complex network approach to quantifying flood resilience in high-density coastal urban areas: A case study of Macau. Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct. 119, 105335 (2025).

    Google Scholar 

  28. Ashja-Ardalan, S., Alesheikh, A. A., Sharif, M. & Wittowsky, D. Resilience of urban road networks to climate change: a spatial-topological approach. Transp. Res. Part. D: Transp. Environ. 148, 104948 (2025).

    Google Scholar 

  29. Zhang, Y., Song, R., Zhang, K. & Wang, T. The characteristics and modes of urban network evolution in the Yangtze river delta in China from 1990 to 2017. Ieee Access. 9, 5531–5544 (2021).

    Google Scholar 

  30. Zhang, W., Liu, G., Gonella, F., Xu, L. & Yang, Z. Research on collaborative management and optimization of ecological risks in urban agglomeration. J. Clean. Prod. 372, 133735 (2022).

    Google Scholar 

  31. Li, J., Sun, C. & Zheng, X. Assessment of spatio-temporal evolution of regionally ecological risks based on adaptive cycle theory: A case study of Yangtze river delta urban agglomeration. J. Ecol. 41, 2609–2621 (2021).

    Google Scholar 

  32. Zhu, S., Feng, H., Arashpour, M. & Zhang, F. Enhancing urban flood resilience: A coupling coordinated evaluation and geographical factor analysis under SES-PSR framework. Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct. 101, 104243 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  33. Wang, Z., Wang, L., Xu, R., Huang, H. & Wu, F. GIS and RS based assessment of cultivated land quality of Shandong Province. Procedia Environ. Sci. 12, 823–830 (2012).

    Google Scholar 

  34. Li, J., Pei, W., Li, Y., Liu, S., Chen, Y., Wang, B., … Zhang, J. Evaluating and diagnosing ecosystem health of the three-lake watershed in Yuxi, Yunnan, China from 2010 to 2020 by PSR-KDE. Environmental Research, 258, 119406 (2024).

  35. Sahana, M. et al. Assessing wetland ecosystem health in Sundarban biosphere reserve using pressure-state-response model and Geospatial techniques. Remote Sens. Applications: Soc. Environ. 26, 100754 (2022).

    Google Scholar 

  36. Sun, B., Tang, J., Yu, D., Song, Z. & Wang, P. Ecosystem health assessment: A PSR analysis combining AHP and FCE methods for Jiaozhou Bay, China. Ocean. Coastal. Manage. 168, 41–50 (2019).

    Google Scholar 

  37. Yang, X., Li, H., Zhang, J., Niu, S. & Miao, M. Urban economic resilience within the Yangtze river delta urban agglomeration: exploring Spatially correlated network and Spatial heterogeneity. Sustainable Cities Soc. 103, 105270 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  38. Hu, X., Ma, C., Huang, P. & Guo, X. Ecological vulnerability assessment based on AHP-PSR method and analysis of its single parameter sensitivity and Spatial autocorrelation for ecological protection–A case of Weifang City, China. Ecol. Ind. 125, 107464 (2021).

    Google Scholar 

  39. Zhu, S., Li, D., Feng, H. & Zhang, N. The influencing factors and mechanisms for urban flood resilience in china: from the perspective of social-economic-natural complex ecosystem. Ecol. Ind. 147, 109959 (2023).

    Google Scholar 

  40. Fernandez, M. A., Bucaram, S. J. & Renteria, W. Assessing local vulnerability to climate change in Ecuador. SpringerPlus 4, 1–20 (2015).

    Google Scholar 

  41. Cutter, S. L., Burton, C. G. & Emrich, C. T. Disaster resilience indicators for benchmarking baseline conditions. J. Homel. Secur. Emerg. Manage. 7, 1–22 (2010).

    Google Scholar 

  42. Hazbavi, Z., Sadeghi, S. H., Gholamalifard, M. & Davudirad, A. A. Watershed health assessment using the pressure–state–response (PSR) framework. Land. Degrad. Dev. 31, 3–19 (2020).

    Google Scholar 

  43. Mou, Y., Luo, Y., Su, Z., Wang, J. & Liu, T. Evaluating the dynamic sustainability and resilience of a hybrid urban system: case of Chengdu, China. J. Clean. Prod. 291, 125719 (2021).

    Google Scholar 

  44. Rezvani, S. M., de Almeida, N. M., Falcao, M. J. & Duarte, M. Enhancing urban resilience evaluation systems through automated rational and consistent decision-making simulations. Sustainable Cities Soc. 78, 103612 (2022).

    Google Scholar 

  45. Zhang, Y. & Shang, K. Cloud model assessment of urban flood resilience based on PSR model and game theory. Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct. 97, 104050 (2023).

    Google Scholar 

  46. Fenner, R. et al. Achieving urban flood resilience in an uncertain future. Water 11, 1082 (2019).

    Google Scholar 

  47. Lee, D. W. An exploratory assessment of infrastructure resilience to disasters. Int. J. Disaster Resil. Built Environ. 11, 519–533 (2020).

    Google Scholar 

  48. Xu, K., Zhang, X., Bin, L. & Shen, R. An improved global resilience assessment method for urban drainage systems: A case study of Haidian Island, South China. J. Environ. Manage. 360, 121135 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  49. Guo, Z. et al. Urban agglomeration transportation resilience: evaluation and evolution analysis using a data-driven model. Environ. Sustain. Indic. 26, 100714 (2025).

    Google Scholar 

  50. Chen, M., Jiang, Y., Wang, E., Wang, Y. & Zhang, J. Measuring urban infrastructure resilience via pressure-state-response framework in four Chinese municipalities. Appl. Sci. 12, 2819 (2022).

    Google Scholar 

  51. Xu, W., Cong, J. & Proverbs, D. G. Evaluation of infrastructure resilience. Int. J. Building Pathol. Adaptation. 41, 378–400 (2023).

    Google Scholar 

  52. Gao, X., Yuan, Z., Liu, X., Liu, F. & Kou, C. Achieving urban ecosystem resilience: static and dynamic attack simulation and cascading failure analysis of urban blue-green infrastructure networks. Ecol. Ind. 179, 114205 (2025).

    Google Scholar 

  53. Lai, S. et al. Evaluation of ecological security and ecological maintenance based on pressure-state-response (PSR) model, case study: Fuzhou city, China. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assessment: Int. J. 28, 734–761 (2022).

    Google Scholar 

  54. Yao, J., Chen, G., Yao, B. & Wu, J. Urban resilience assessment matrix considering Spatiotemporal processes: model proposal and application. Sustainable Cities Soc. 135, 106988 (2025).

    Google Scholar 

  55. Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D. & Becker, B. The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Dev. 71, 543–562 (2000).

    Google Scholar 

  56. Xu, W. & Tianyan, W. Resilience assessment of urban emergency management for emergencies. E3S Web of Conferences, 276, 02015 (2021).

  57. Zhang, C., Zhou, Y. & Yin, S. Interaction mechanisms of urban ecosystem resilience based on pressure-state-response framework: A case study of the Yangtze river delta. Ecol. Ind. 166, 112263 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  58. Cutter, S. L. et al. A place-based model for Understanding community resilience to natural disasters. Global Environ. Change-Human Policy Dimensions. 18, 598–606 (2008).

    Google Scholar 

  59. Huang, G., Li, D., Zhu, X. & Zhu, J. Influencing factors and their influencing mechanisms on urban resilience in China. Sustainable Cities Soc. 74, 103210 (2021).

    Google Scholar 

  60. Hwang, C. L., Lai, Y. J. & Liu, T. Y. A new approach for multiple objective decision making. Computers Oper. Res. 20, 889–899 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  61. Zavadskas, E. K., Mardani, A., Turskis, Z., Jusoh, A. & Nor, K. M. D. Development of TOPSIS method to solve complicated Decision-Making problems: an overview on developments from 2000 to 2015. Int. J. Inform. Technol. Decis. Mak. 15, 645–682 (2016).

    Google Scholar 

  62. Xun, X. & Yuan, Y. Research on the urban resilience evaluation with hybrid multiple attribute TOPSIS method: an example in China. Nat. Hazards. 103, 557–577 (2020).

    Google Scholar 

  63. Peng, Y., Zheng, R., Yuan, T., Cheng, L. & You, J. Evaluating perception of community resilience to typhoon disasters in China based on grey relational TOPSIS model. Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct. 84, 103468 (2023).

    Google Scholar 

  64. Wen, G. & Ji, F. Flood resilience assessment of region based on TOPSIS-BOA-RF integrated model. Ecol. Ind. 169, 112901 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  65. Lv, B. et al. Evaluation of the water resource carrying capacity in Heilongjiang, Eastern China, based on the improved TOPSIS model. Ecol. Ind. 150, 110208 (2023).

    Google Scholar 

  66. Marzouk, M. & Sabbah, M. AHP-TOPSIS social sustainability approach for selecting supplier in construction supply chain. Clean. Environ. Syst. 2, 100034 (2021).

    Google Scholar 

  67. Zhang, X., Zhang, Q., Sun, T., Zou, Y. & Chen, H. Evaluation of urban public transport priority performance based on the improved TOPSIS method: A case study of Wuhan. Sustainable Cities Soc. 43, 357–365 (2018).

    Google Scholar 

  68. Beskese, A., Demir, H. H., Ozcan, H. K. & Okten, H. E. Landfill site selection using fuzzy AHP and fuzzy TOPSIS: a case study for Istanbul. Environ. Earth Sci. 73, 3513–3521 (2015).

    Google Scholar 

  69. Singh, N., Krishnaswamy, V. & Zhang, J. Z. Intellectual structure of cybersecurity research in enterprise information systems. Enterp. Inform. Syst. 17, 2025545 (2023).

    Google Scholar 

  70. Zhu, Z., Zheng, Y. & Xiang, P. Deciphering the Spatial and Temporal evolution of urban anthropogenic resilience within the Yangtze river delta urban agglomeration. Sustainable Cities Soc. 88, 104274 (2023).

    Google Scholar 

  71. Hu, P., Huang, Y., He, Q. & Zhang, G. Can urban agglomeration policies promote regional economic agglomeration? Evidence from the Yangtze river economic belt in China. Environ. Plann. B: Urban Analytics City Sci. 52, 1335–1352 (2025).

    Google Scholar 

  72. Cao, Z., Derudder, B. & Peng, Z. Comparing the physical, functional and knowledge integration of the Yangtze river delta city-region through the lens of inter-city networks. Cities 82, 119–126 (2018).

    Google Scholar 

  73. Zhang, W., Derudder, B., Wang, J. & Shen, W. Regionalization in the Yangtze river Delta, China, from the perspective of inter-city daily mobility. Reg. Stud. 52, 528–541 (2018).

    Google Scholar 

  74. Fujita, M. & Thisse, J. F. Does geographical agglomeration foster economic growth? And who gains and loses from it? Japanese Economic Rev. 54, 121–145 (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  75. Gu, Y., Shi, R., Zhuang, Y., Li, Q. & Yue, Y. How to determine City hierarchies and Spatial structure of a megaregion? Geo-spatial Inform. Sci. 27, 276–288 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  76. Krugman, P. Increasing returns and economic geography. J. Polit. Econ. 99, 483–499 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  77. Cohen, W. M. & Levinthal, D. A. Absorptive capacity: A new perspective on learning and innovation. Adm. Sci. Q. 35, 128–152 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  78. Boschma, R. & Iammarino, S. Related variety, trade linkages, and regional growth in Italy. Econ. Geogr. 85, 289–311 (2009).

    Google Scholar 

  79. Li, S. & Wu, L. Can regional integration promote industrial green transformation? Empirical evidence from Yangtze river delta urban agglomeration. J. Environ. Stud. Sci. 14, 117–134 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  80. Gallopín, G. C. Linkages between vulnerability, resilience, and adaptive capacity. Glob. Environ. Change. 16, 293–303 (2006).

    Google Scholar 

  81. Folke, C., Hahn, T., Olsson, P. & Norberg, J. Adaptive governance of social-ecological systems. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 30, 441–473 (2005).

    Google Scholar 

  82. Satterthwaite, D. The political underpinnings of cities’ accumulated resilience to climate change. Environ. Urbanization. 25, 381–391 (2013).

    Google Scholar 

  83. Yu, Y. & Lyu, L. Spatial pattern of knowledge innovation function among Chinese cities and its influencing factors. J. Geog. Sci. 33, 1161–1184 (2023).

    Google Scholar 

  84. Wang, Y., Wang, G. & Chen, G. Network externalities of the innovation network in china’s five urban agglomerations: based on buzz-and-pipeline theory. Humanit. Social Sci. Commun. 12, 1–20 (2025).

    Google Scholar 

  85. Namatame, A. & Tran, H. A. Q. Enhancing the resilience of networked agents through risk sharing. Adv. Complex. Syst. 16, 1350006 (2013).

    Google Scholar 

  86. Wang, D. & Chen, S. Synergistic action on mitigation and adaptation pilot policies to enhance low-carbon resilience of Chinese cities. Nat. Cities. 2, 812–824 (2025).

    Google Scholar 

  87. Reggiani, A. The architecture of connectivity: a key to network vulnerability, complexity and resilience. Networks Spat. Econ. 22, 415–437 (2022).

    Google Scholar 

  88. Lu, H., Lu, X., Jiao, L. & Zhang, Y. Evaluating urban agglomeration resilience to disaster in the Yangtze delta City group in China. Sustainable Cities Soc. 76, 103464 (2022).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This work is funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 72471214) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Ministry of Education of China: the Youth Innovation Fund of University of Science and Technology of China (WK2040250137).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Management, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Street, Hefei, 230026, China

    Xihui Wang, Mei Sun & Minlian Wu

Authors
  1. Xihui Wang
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mei Sun
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Minlian Wu
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Xihui Wang, Mei Sun and Minlian Wu wrote the main manuscript, and Mei Sun and Minlian Wu prepared all figures. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Minlian Wu.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary Material 1

Supplementary Material 2

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Wang, X., Sun, M. & Wu, M. Recognizing resilience evolution and connectivity in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration. Sci Rep (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-34716-7

Download citation

  • Received: 12 June 2025

  • Accepted: 30 December 2025

  • Published: 09 January 2026

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-34716-7

Share this article

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

Keywords

  • Urban infrastructure resilience
  • Pressure-state-response framework
  • Urban network
  • Yangtze river delta urban agglomeration (YRDUA)
Download PDF

Associated content

Collection

Urban resilience to flooding

Advertisement

Explore content

  • Research articles
  • News & Comment
  • Collections
  • Subjects
  • Follow us on Facebook
  • Follow us on Twitter
  • Sign up for alerts
  • RSS feed

About the journal

  • About Scientific Reports
  • Contact
  • Journal policies
  • Guide to referees
  • Calls for Papers
  • Editor's Choice
  • Journal highlights
  • Open Access Fees and Funding

Publish with us

  • For authors
  • Language editing services
  • Open access funding
  • Submit manuscript

Search

Advanced search

Quick links

  • Explore articles by subject
  • Find a job
  • Guide to authors
  • Editorial policies

Scientific Reports (Sci Rep)

ISSN 2045-2322 (online)

nature.com sitemap

About Nature Portfolio

  • About us
  • Press releases
  • Press office
  • Contact us

Discover content

  • Journals A-Z
  • Articles by subject
  • protocols.io
  • Nature Index

Publishing policies

  • Nature portfolio policies
  • Open access

Author & Researcher services

  • Reprints & permissions
  • Research data
  • Language editing
  • Scientific editing
  • Nature Masterclasses
  • Research Solutions

Libraries & institutions

  • Librarian service & tools
  • Librarian portal
  • Open research
  • Recommend to library

Advertising & partnerships

  • Advertising
  • Partnerships & Services
  • Media kits
  • Branded content

Professional development

  • Nature Awards
  • Nature Careers
  • Nature Conferences

Regional websites

  • Nature Africa
  • Nature China
  • Nature India
  • Nature Japan
  • Nature Middle East
  • Privacy Policy
  • Use of cookies
  • Legal notice
  • Accessibility statement
  • Terms & Conditions
  • Your US state privacy rights
Springer Nature

© 2026 Springer Nature Limited

Nature Briefing Anthropocene

Sign up for the Nature Briefing: Anthropocene newsletter — what matters in anthropocene research, free to your inbox weekly.

Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Sign up for Nature Briefing: Anthropocene