Fig. 5

Olfactory function in EV and A53T a-Syn overexpressing animals assessed by the habituation-dishabituation test. Both groups exhibited olfactory habituation, as shown by reduced sniffing time during repeated exposure to the same odor (trials 1–3 and trials 4–6) at week 3 (A) and week 6 (B) post-injection. Sniffing time for each trial was normalized to the first trial in (A) and (B). (C) Odor discrimination, measured by the cross-habituation index (CHI), did not differ between groups at either timepoint (week 3: p = 0.2887; week 6: p = 0.9256), indicating intact olfactory function in A53T a-Syn overexpressing animals (Group: F (1, 74) = 2.450, p = 0.1218). Sample sizes: n = 20 for A53T, n = 19 for EV. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. The post hoc Bonferroni comparison following two-way ANOVA was used in the analysis.