Fig. 5

Verbal short-term and working memory in PCS, non-PCS and HC individuals. (a) Shown is the achieved z-score in digit span forward subtest and (b) digit span backward subtest using “Digit Span” test of the WMS-R. Three columns for each subgroup, divided into female (f), male (m) and total (total). Data are shown as individual values with mean +/- SD. Data were tested for significance using the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by multiple comparisons adjusted with the two-stage linear step-up procedure by Benjamini, Krieger, and Yekutieli (BKY). The significance level was set at q < 0.05. PCS post-Covid syndrome, non-PCS non-Post-Covid syndrome, HC healthy control, SD standard deviation, WMS-R Wechsler memory test revised.