Fig. 10

Frontier analysis, represented by the solid black lines, depicted through solid black lines, delving into the interplay between the SDI and ASR for deaths (A, B), and DALYs (C, D) concerning esophageal cancer. The color spectrum in graphs (A) and (C) serves as a visual timeline, transitioning from lighter shades signifying 1990 to the deepest hues marking 2019. In graphs (B) and (D), each data point symbolizes a distinct country or territory for the year 2019, with the top 15 nations manifesting the most pronounced deviation from the frontier highlighted in black. Countries characterized by a low SDI (< 0.455) and minimal departure from the frontier are accentuated in blue, whereas those with a high SDI (> 0.805) and conspicuous divergence reflective of their developmental standing are underscored in red. The color of the dots delineates the directional shift from 1990 to 2019 in ASR: decrease dots denote a decrease, while increase dots signify an increase.