Table 6 Performance metrics results of deep learning models.

From: Predicting carbon dioxide emissions using deep learning and Ninja metaheuristic optimization algorithm

Models

MSE

RMSE

MAE

MBE

r

R2

RRMSE

NSE

WI

Fitted time

DPRNNs

0.0385

0.0910

0.1126

0.0057

0.9406

0.9439

10.0154

0.8897

0.8713

2.01133

RNN

0.0708

0.2751

0.2251

-0.0368

0.9386

0.9420

20.8977

0.8318

0.8482

2.033982

GRUs

0.0726

0.2782

0.2372

-0.0499

0.9104

0.9137

21.5488

0.8156

0.8455

2.18951

LSTM

0.0747

0.2818

0.2324

0.0167

0.9080

0.9113

22.3236

0.8085

0.8347

3.322431

MLPRegressor

0.0771

0.2859

0.2387

-0.0264

0.9017

0.9050

23.2032

0.8002

0.8245

7.758872

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