Fig. 1
Graphical abstract of Si-mediated Gly toxicity tolerance in Brassica napus. Glyphosate application inhibits the enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPs), triggering mitochondrial dysfunction, the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and consequent cellular damage manifested as chlorosis, necrosis and impaired growth. In contrast, Si application under Gly stress boosts photosynthesis, biomass accumulation, growth, and nutrient uptake while alleviating chlorosis and necrosis. Proteomic analysis reveals that Si treatment activates some diverse protective mechanisms, including energy and metabolism, photosynthesis, signal transduction, antioxidant defense, cell wall and cytoskeleton, herbicide tolerance and sulfur assimilation, and plant developmental processes. Among these mechanisms, several key proteins related to antioxidant activity, sulfur assimilation, and herbicide tolerance contribute to glyphosate tolerance as confirmed by interactome analysis in the main text. The proteomic alterations enhance Gly-tolerance in Brassica napus under Si supplementation. Abbreviation, EPSPs, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase; ROS, reactive oxygen species; Si; silicon; Gly, glyphosate.
