Fig. 1

Transmission of MBDs occurs following a mosquito (Aedes aegypti or Aedes albopictus, Culex, and Anopheles mosquitoes) bite. MB infection mostly replicates in the skin, fibroblasts, and a few in liver cells, and disseminates to the liver, muscle, joints, lymphoid tissue (lymph nodes and spleen), small intestine, thymus, one marrow, kidney, and brain. The target cells are indicated for each tissue. Immunogenetic pathways are involved against MBD infections. There is evidence of MBD-specific adaptive immunity (that is, T cell and antibody-mediated responses).