Table 3 LightGBM set of optimized hyperparameters with search boundaries.

From: Intrusion detection in metaverse environment internet of things systems by metaheuristics tuned two level framework

Parameter

Lower constraint

Upper constraint

Learning rate

0.001

0.100

Number of leaves

24

80

Feature fraction

0.1

0.9

Bagging fraction

0.8

1

Max depth

5

30

Max bin

20

90

Minimum data in leaf

20

80

Minimum sum hessian in leaf

0

100

Subsample

0.01

1

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