Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population.
Nonsmoker | Smoker | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pack-years < 20 Start age < 20 | Pack-years < 20 Start age ≥ 20 | Pack-years ≥ 20 Start age < 20 | Pack-years ≥ 20 Start age ≥ 20 | ||
No. of subjects (%) | 5,571,611 (59.9) | 583,446 (6.3) | 1,949,103 (21.0) | 293,294 (3.2) | 898,525 (9.7) |
Age (years) | 47.9 ± 14.2 | 31.3 ± 6.6 | 43.3 ± 11.5 | 47.2 ± 10.1 | 54.6 ± 9.9 |
Male sex (%) | 1,551,199 (27.8) | 552,465 (94.7) | 1,785,663 (91.6) | 291,784 (99.5) | 884,023 (98.4) |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.4 ± 3.2 | 23.8 ± 3.5 | 24.0 ± 3.1 | 24.2 ± 3.1 | 24.1 ± 3.0 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 78.0 ± 9.1 | 81.5 ± 8.7 | 82.6 ± 8.1 | 84.3 ± 7.9 | 84.6 ± 7.7 |
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 121 ± 15 | 122 ± 13 | 124 ± 14 | 125 ± 14 | 126 ± 15 |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 75 ± 10 | 76 ± 9 | 78 ± 10 | 78 ± 10 | 79 ± 10 |
Comorbidities | |||||
Hypertension (%) | 1,347,171 (24.2) | 62,821 (10.8) | 431,834 (22.2) | 77,456 (26.4) | 322,659 (35.9) |
Diabetes mellitus (%) | 413,530 (7.4) | 16,144 (2.8) | 146,305 (7.5) | 35,722 (12.2) | 139,845 (15.6) |
Dyslipidemia (%) | 982,739 (17.6) | 50,368 (8.6) | 296,255 (15.2) | 56,415 (19.2) | 197,133 (21.9) |
Metabolic syndrome (%) | 1,236,586 (22.2) | 89,419 (15.3) | 458,004 (23.5) | 93,651 (31.9) | 319,959 (35.6) |
Laboratory findings | |||||
Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 95.8 ± 21.7 | 92.2 ± 18.2 | 97.6 ± 23.8 | 101.8 ± 30.4 | 104.1 ± 30.6 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 195.0 ± 36.9 | 187.5 ± 35.0 | 195.7 ± 36.0 | 199.2 ± 37.6 | 198.8 ± 37.7 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 58.1 ± 29.8 | 54.0 ± 20.0 | 53.7 ± 22.6 | 52.2 ± 25.1 | 53.0 ± 28.7 |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 114.9 ± 38.6 | 105.1 ± 36.9 | 112.5 ± 37.4 | 112.3 ± 40.4 | 113.7 ± 39.6 |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 100.5 (100.4–100.6) | 121.4 (121.2–121.6) | 127.8 (127.7–127.9) | 151.0 (150.6–151.3) | 141.4 (141.2–141.5) |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2) | 87.6 ± 42.1 | 93.5 ± 57.8 | 88.3 ± 52.9 | 88.8 ± 46.9 | 86.0 ± 39.9 |
Dipstick urine albumin | |||||
Absent or trace. | 5,437,628 (97.6) | 574,340 (98.4) | 1,907,034 (97.8) | 284,617 (97.0) | 868,046 (96.6) |
1+. | 91,668 (1.6) | 6,625 (1.1) | 29,055 (1.5) | 5,758 (2.0) | 19,914 (2.2) |
> 1+. | 42,315 (0.8) | 2,481 (0.4) | 13,014 (0.7) | 2,919 (1.0) | 10,565 (1.2) |
Socioeconomic and lifestyle factors | |||||
Alcohol consumption | |||||
None. | 3,809,120 (68.4) | 101,660 (17.4) | 493,653 (25.3) | 67,784 (23.1) | 264,760 (29.5) |
Mild. | 1,625,671 (29.2) | 361,000 (61.9) | 1,230,851 (63.2) | 138,629 (47.3) | 453,570 (50.5) |
Heavy. | 136,820 (2.4) | 120,786 (20.7) | 224,599 (11.5) | 86,881 (29.6) | 180,195 (20.0) |
Regular exercise (%) | 940,395 (16.9) | 84,802 (14.5) | 395,496 (20.3) | 48,218 (16.4) | 187,643 (20.9) |
Low income (%) | 1,249,790 (22.4) | 90,651 (15.5) | 269,030 (13.8) | 48,105 (16.4) | 166,969 (18.6) |
