Table 3 Instructions of kinematic features.

From: Leveraging graph neural networks and gate recurrent units for accurate and transparent prediction of baseball pitching speed

Joint

Segment (Distal)

Reference segment (Proximal)

Kinematics parameters

Abbreviation

Ankle

Foot

Shank

Plantar flexion/dorsiflexion

PF [−]/DF [+]

Knee

Shank

Thigh

Extension/flexion

EXT [+]/FLE [−]

Hip

Thigh

Pelvis

Extension/flexion

EXT [−]/FLE [+]

Trunk

Thorax

Pelvis

Extension/flexion

EXT [+]/FLE [−]

Shoulder

Upper arm

Thorax

External rotation/internal rotation

ER [+]/IR [−]

  1. PF plantar flexion, DF dorsiflexion, EXT extension, FLE flexion, EV eversion, ER external rotation, IR internal rotation.
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