Table 3 Lipid profile, glycemic indices, liver enzymes, inflammatory biomarker, and indices of hepatic steatosis and fibrosis.

From: The efficacy of DASH combined with time-restricted feeding (16/8) on metabolic associated fatty liver disease management: a randomized controlled trial

Variables

Intervention group

(n = 21)

Control group

(n = 21)

P†

P††

ALT (U/L)

    

Baseline

39.85 ± 23.6

34.59 ± 10.9

0.363

0.052

After intervention

24.61 ± 9.2

29.86 ± 9.0

0.070

 

P

0.001

0.114

  

Mean change of ALT

-15.23 ± 18.30

-4.73 ± 13.12

0.039

 

AST (U/L)

    

Baseline

25.80 ± 11.0

28.64 ± 10.3

0.395

0.003

After intervention

18.2 ± 5.2

25.16 ± 11.0

0.015

 

P

0.001

< 0.001

  

Mean change of AST

-7.52 ± 8.31

-3.47 ± 3.11

0.047

 

GGT (U/L)

    

Baseline

28.38 ± 9.8

36.87 ± 14.3

0.031

0.392

After intervention

22.66 ± 15.3

35.84 ± 20.4

0.023

 

P

0.049

0.624

  

Mean change of GGT

-5.71 ± 12.46

-1.03 ± 9.53

0.180

 

Fibrosis score (kPa)

    

Baseline

5.97 ± 1.8

7.43 ± 2.4

0.037

0.004

After intervention

5.03 ± 1.25

6.99 ± 2.2

0.001

 

P

0.001

0.083

  

Mean change of Fibrosis score

-0.94 ± 1.16

-0.44 ± 1.11

0.164

 

Steatosis score/CAP (dB/m)

    

Baseline

340.57 ± 39.0

300.10 ± 29.7

0.001

0.302

After intervention

272.00 ± 38.7

269.90 ± 35.7

0.856

 

P

< 0.001

< 0.001

  

Mean change of Steatosis score

-68.57 ± 30.94

-30.19 ± 29.49

< 0.001

 

TG (mg/dL)

    

Baseline

171.00 ± 89.0

215.27 ± 110.2

0.160

0.080

After intervention

138.47 ± 92.0

206.08 ± 101.2

0.029

 

P

0.049

0.334

  

Mean change of TG

-32.52 ± 71.15

-9.18 ± 42.53

0.206

 

TC (mg/dL)

    

Baseline

182.14 ± 42.6

177.99 ± 42.2

0.753

0.401

After intervention

180.42 ± 45.2

168.65 ± 43.4

0.395

 

P

0.806

0.087

  

Mean change of TC

-1.71 ± 31.62

-9.33 ± 23.76

0.383

 

HDL-C (mg/dL)

    

Baseline

39.78 ± 5.8

38.16 ± 8.7

0.485

0.306

After intervention

41.76 ± 8.1

39.18 ± 7.0

0.278

 

P

0.142

0.323

  

Mean change of HDL-C

1.97 ± 5.93

1.01 ± 4.60

0.562

 

LDL-C (mg/dL)

    

Baseline

99.56 ± 36.0

101.95 ± 46.8

0.854

0.179

After intervention

102.61 ± 33.6

92.17 ± 47.1

0.414

 

P

0.619

0.102

  

Mean change of LDL-C

3.05 ± 27.71

-9.77 ± 26.11

0.130

 

FBS (mg/dL)

    

Baseline

98.52 ± 18.7

106.01 ± 24.1

0.268

0.835

After intervention

98.52 ± 13.4

103.57 ± 22.2

0.380

 

P

1.000

0.148

  

Mean change of FBS

00.00 ± 11.92

-2.44 ± 7.45

0.430

 

Insulin (mU/L)

    

Baseline

13.02 ± 8.1

12.49 ± 5.9

0.814

0.935

After intervention

9.89 ± 7.5

9.66 ± 3.6

0.900

 

P

0.034

0.005

  

Mean change of Insulin

-3.12 ± 6.29

-2.83 ± 4.14

0.860

 

HOMA-IR

    

Baseline

3.13 ± 1.9

3.40 ± 1.9

0.661

0.921

After intervention

2.39 ± 1.7

2.51 ± 1.1

0.799

 

P

0.033

0.011

  

Mean change of HOMA-IR

-0.74 ± 1.48

-0.88 ± 1.44

0.748

 

QUICKI

    

Baseline

0.33 ± 0.03

0.32 ± 0.0

0.357

0.228

After intervention

0.39 ± 0.1

0.33 ± 0.02

0.107

 

P

0.055

0.006

  

Mean change of QUICKI

0.54 ± 0.12

0.01 ± 0.01

0.131

 

hs-CRP (mg/L)

    

Baseline

2.75 ± 2.7

3.94 ± 2.8

0.179

0.372

After intervention

1.92 ± 2.2

2.95 ± 2.2

0.148

 

P

0.100

0.085

  

Mean change of hs-CRP (mg/L)

-0.82 ± 2.20

-0.99 ± 2.50

0.824

 
  1. ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; CAP, controlled attenuation parameter; FBS, fasting blood sugar; GGT, γ-glutamyltransferase; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; hs-CRP, high-sensitive C-reactive protein; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; QUICKI, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides. Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). P: resulted from comparisons within groups by paired t-test P †: resulted from comparisons between two groups by independent t-test. P ††: resulted from comparisons mean changes between two groups by Univariate analysis of covariance after adjusting for BMI and AC.
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