Fig. 6

Summary and integration of omics study: (A) From metabolomics study, we found lower level of amino acids like alanine, lactate and succinate while higher level of glucose and pyruvate in GDM patients compared to normal pregnant women. The higher level of glucose and pyruvate while lower level of alanine, lactate and succinate indicates elevated glucose production and diminished glucose utilization. (B) Integration of transcriptome and metabolome revealed SNW1, a novel diagnostic biomarker identified from transcriptome, as a regulator of gluconeogenesis. Protein-protein interaction network revealed link between Key regulatory enzyme alanine aminotransferase (ALT/GPT) and SNW1. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT/GPT) converts alanine into pyruvate precursor of gluconeogenesis. (C) Pearson correlation analysis performed for identifying the serum metabolic profiles correlated with alanine-to-glucose ratio and (D) Spearman rank correlation analysis performed for identifying the serum metabolic profiles correlated with transcriptomic marker feature SNW1. The vertical bar graphs illustrate positive correlations (highlighted in pale pink) and negative correlations (highlighted in blue). Statistically significant correlations are marked with asterisks: ****, ***, ** and * for p-value < 0.0001, p-value < 0.001, p-value < 0.01, and p-value < 0.05.