Table 2 Dietary intake of nutrients and food groups at breakfast among study participants according to gender.

From: Association between breakfast nutrient density, subsequent meal quality, and overall diet quality in Iranian adults: a cross-sectional study

Variable Name

Total (n = 427)

Mean ± SD

Male (n = 199)

Mean ± SD

Female (n = 228)

Mean ± SD

p-value

Total Energy (kcal)

399.05 ± 207.26

467.53 ± 230.58

339.01 ± 162.62

0.001

Carbohydrates (g)

61.86 ± 37.27

74.48 ± 42.32

50.80 ± 27.92

0.169

Protein (g)

12.44 ± 7.17

14.59 ± 7.82

10.56 ± 5.95

0.768

Total Fat (g)

12.11 ± 7.49

13.12 ± 7.93

11.21 ± 6.99

0.099

Saturated Fatty Acids (g)

5.18 ± 3.64

5.84 ± 3.86

4.60 ± 3.34

0.597

Monounsaturated Fatty Acids (g)

3.11 ± 2.23

3.43 ± 2.45

2.83 ± 1.99

0.645

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (g)

1.90 ± 2.32

1.94 ± 2.30

1.86 ± 2.34

0.170

Whole Grains (g)

51.70 ± 53.56

67.70 ± 61.57

37.68 ± 40.62

0.160

White Grains (g)

16.30 ± 29.83

16.69 ± 31.34

15.96 ± 28.52

0.577

Rice and Pasta (g)

0.51 ± 4.66

0.00 ± 0.00

0.95 ± 6.35

0.353

Fruits (g)

7.47 ± 26.02

7.54 ± 27.77

7.41 ± 24.44

0.100

Green Vegetables (g)

0.87 ± 6.23

0.17 ± 2.13

1.49 ± 8.25

0.035

Red and Orange Vegetables (g)

3.49 ± 11.74

3.79 ± 13.01

3.22 ± 10.53

0.623

Starchy Vegetables (g)

19.18 ± 233.89

31.95 ± 319.39

7.99 ± 115.04

0.294

Other Vegetables (g)

3.02 ± 12.34

2.41 ± 13.31

3.57 ± 11.42

0.333

Nuts and Seeds (g)

3.70 ± 7.22

3.50 ± 6.38

3.94 ± 8.08

0.176

Legumes (g)

0.74 ± 5.59

0.63 ± 4.81

0.84 ± 6.20

0.778

Red Meat (g)

0.59 ± 3.79

0.29 ± 2.53

0.86 ± 4.61

0.101

Poultry (g)

0.74 ± 6.69

0.45 ± 6.38

0.99 ± 6.96

0.399

Processed Meats (g)

0.09 ± 1.94

0.20 ± 2.83

0.00 ± 0.00

0.739

Eggs (g)

7.36 ± 18.20

10.67 ± 23.73

4.45 ± 10.57

0.037

Low-Fat Dairy Products (g)

1.31 ± 17.04

1.61 ± 22.68

1.06 ± 9.76

0.873

Full-Fat Dairy Products (g)

2.13 ± 7.75

2.24 ± 8.36

2.03 ± 7.19

0.753

Liquid Oil (g)

0.51 ± 1.77

0.60 ± 1.96

0.44 ± 1.59

0.704

Solid Fat and Butter (g)

0.51 ± 1.77

0.60 ± 1.96

0.44 ± 1.59

0.704

Sweets (g)

16.82 ± 22.18

18.33 ± 23.22

15.50 ± 21.19

0.880

Sweetened Beverages (g)

0.59 ± 6.12

0.43 ± 5.69

0.73 ± 6.48

0.896

  1. Reported values are mean ± standard deviation.
  2. P value is obtained by ANCOVA analysis and P value less than 0.05 is considered significant.
  3. P value is adjusted by the variables of age, education level, occupation, marital status, smoking, physical activity, chronotype, sleep quality, supplement intake and energy intake.
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