Table 3 Dietary intake of nutrients and food groups at lunch among study participants according to gender.

From: Association between breakfast nutrient density, subsequent meal quality, and overall diet quality in Iranian adults: a cross-sectional study

Variable Name

Total (n = 427)

Mean ± SD

Male (n = 199)

Mean ± SD

Female (n = 228)

Mean ± SD

p-value

Total Energy (kcal)

603.21 ± 225.66

684.02 ± 235.99

532.38 ± 251.67

0.001

Carbohydrates (g)

72.32 ± 34.88

84.94 ± 36.13

61.27 ± 29.69

0.003

Protein (g)

27.73 ± 14.72

30.88 ± 13.06

24.97 ± 15.54

0.389

Total Fat (g)

23.15 ± 13.95

25.34 ± 13.07

21.23 ± 14.43

0.113

Saturated Fatty Acids (g)

5.40 ± 3.61

5.99 ± 3.27

4.89 ± 3.81

0.523

Monounsaturated Fatty Acids (g)

7.93 ± 5.47

8.62 ± 4.76

7.32 ± 5.96

0.040

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (g)

6.90 ± 5.39

7.31 ± 5.49

6.54 ± 5.29

0.085

Bran Cereals (g)

9.52 ± 22.63

12.14 ± 26.08

7.23 ± 18.86

0.353

Simple Cereals (g)

18.46 ± 38.61

23.01 ± 45.46

14.48 ± 30.94

0.443

Rice and Pasta (g)

135.51 ± 100.49

161.08 ± 104.02

113.09 ± 91.82

0.020

Fruits (g)

6.00 ± 21.24

5.75 ± 17.30

6.21 ± 24.21

0.802

Green Vegetables (g)

11.16 ± 20.35

9.53 ± 17.07

12.58 ± 22.78

0.073

Red and Orange Vegetables (g)

12.73 ± 21.78

12.44 ± 21.14

12.99 ± 22.37

0.071

Starchy Vegetables (g)

13.45 ± 81.50

10.48 ± 26.32

16.06 ± 108.94

0.566

Other Vegetables (g)

21.70 ± 31.73

21.97 ± 33.41

21.45 ± 30.26

0.510

Nuts and Seeds (g)

0.73 ± 3.58

0.87 ± 4.27

0.60 ± 2.84

0.231

Legumes (g)

11.21 ± 18.32

12.10 ± 17.86

10.43 ± 18.72

0.347

Red Meat (g)

24.52 ± 25.34

25.97 ± 25.63

23.25 ± 25.08

0.148

Poultry (g)

27.19 ± 40.47

29.56 ± 40.83

25.11 ± 40.13

0.883

Fish (g)

2.42 ± 9.90

2.80 ± 10.67

2.09 ± 9.19

0.523

Processed Meats (g)

2.07 ± 9.06

2.24 ± 9.15

1.92 ± 9.01

0.865

Eggs (g)

5.53 ± 15.01

5.94 ± 14.72

5.16 ± 15.27

0.878

Low-Fat Dairy Products (g)

11.96 ± 28.68

15.62 ± 32.51

8.75 ± 24.46

0.099

Full-Fat Dairy Products (g)

10.37 ± 32.14

13.21 ± 37.92

7.88 ± 25.88

0.572

Liquid Oil (g)

9.35 ± 7.85

10.51 ± 7.73

8.34 ± 7.83

0.887

Solid Fat and Butter (g)

0.07 ± 0.52

0.10 ± 0.61

0.47 ± 0.44

0.256

Sweets (g)

1.85 ± 6.16

2.19 ± 5.86

1.54 ± 6.41

0.108

Sweetened Beverages (g)

31.54 ± 63.24

37.65 ± 70.45

26.18 ± 55.77

0.310

  1. Reported values are mean ± standard deviation.
  2. P value is obtained by ANCOVA analysis and P value less than 0.05 is considered significant.
  3. P value is adjusted by the variables of age, education level, occupation, marital status, smoking, physical activity, chronotype, sleep quality, supplement intake and energy intake.
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