Table 4 Dietary intake of nutrients and food groups at dinner among study participants according to gender.

From: Association between breakfast nutrient density, subsequent meal quality, and overall diet quality in Iranian adults: a cross-sectional study

Variable Name

Total (n = 427)

Mean ± SD

Male (n = 199)

Mean ± SD

Female (n = 228)

Mean ± SD

p-value

Total Energy (kcal)

577.03 ± 262.56

671.74 ± 271.08

494.01 ± 224.60

0.001

Carbohydrates (g)

71.66 ± 35.50

84.46 ± 36.87

60.44 ± 30.14

0.332

Protein (g)

25.08 ± 14.60

29.19 ± 15.42

21.46 ± 12.83

0.392

Total Fat (g)

22.48 ± 13.66

25.77 ± 14.58

19.59 ± 12.12

0.741

Saturated Fatty Acids (g)

5.29 ± 3.70

5.83 ± 3.84

4.81 ± 3.52

0.145

Monounsaturated Fatty Acids (g)

7.55 ± 5.10

8.44 ± 5.51

6.77 ± 4.59

0.065

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (g)

6.47 ± 5.21

7.43 ± 5.52

5.64 ± 4.78

0.488

Bran Cereals (g)

28.93 ± 42.15

31.48 ± 45.55

26.69 ± 38.89

0.349

Simple Cereals (g)

26.41 ± 43.92

32.01 ± 47.42

21.51 ± 40.08

0.406

Rice and Pasta (g)

65.69 ± 74.80

80.06 ± 83.28

53.09 ± 64.06

0.002

Fruits (g)

16.91 ± 40.58

17.00 ± 38.44

16.84 ± 42.46

0.975

Vegetables (g)

11.32 ± 19.90

10.35 ± 18.24

12.18 ± 21.25

0.168

Red and Orange Vegetables (g)

16.59 ± 25.37

17.11 ± 24.08

16.13 ± 26.49

0.294

Starchy Vegetables (g)

13.82 ± 24.37

15.96 ± 28.81

11.94 ± 19.54

0.913

Other Vegetables (g)

19.81 ± 29.08

18.60 ± 28.70

20.86 ± 29.44

0.075

Nuts and Seeds (g)

1.40 ± 5.87

1.73 ± 6.94

1.11 ± 4.73

0.553

Legumes (g)

14.63 ± 29.15

14.38 ± 30.72

14.85 ± 27.77

0.867

Red Meat (g)

16.34 ± 23.69

19.13 ± 26.89

13.90 ± 20.23

0.494

Poultry (g)

15.54 ± 28.56

19.21 ± 34.99

12.32 ± 20.96

0.070

Fish (g)

3.49 ± 11.26

4.80 ± 14.34

2.33 ± 7.45

0.028

Processed Meats (g)

3.72 ± 13.86

4.09 ± 16.36

3.39 ± 11.24

0.025

Eggs (g)

13.52 ± 24.59

16.66 ± 27.80

10.76 ± 21.07

0.261

Low-Fat Dairy Products (g)

9.57 ± 24.77

10.89 ± 27.59

8.41 ± 22.01

0.260

Full-Fat Dairy Products (g)

9.63 ± 33.23

13.97 ± 43.63

5.83 ± 19.45

0.007

Liquid Oil (g)

7.31 ± 7.61

8.72 ± 8.33

6.08 ± 6.71

0.431

Solid Fat and Butter (g)

0.84 ± 4.41

0.71 ± 2.37

0.95 ± 5.62

0.331

Sweets (g)

3.65 ± 12.58

2.78 ± 12.54

4.42 ± 12.60

0.319

Sweetened Beverages (g)

24.95 ± 53.69

28.44 ± 62.51

21.89 ± 44.47

0.155

  1. Reported values are mean ± standard deviation.
  2. P value is obtained by ANCOVA analysis and P value less than 0.05 is considered significant.
  3. P value is adjusted by the variables of age, education level, occupation, marital status, smoking, physical activity, chronotype, sleep quality, supplement intake and energy intake.
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