Table 10 Performance comparison of Transformer models optimized by different algorithms on Amazon dataset.

From: Multiple objectives escaping bird search optimization and its application in stock market prediction based on transformer model

Model

Training set

Test set

RMSE

R2

RPD

RMSE

R2

RPD

Transformer

8.8969

0.9980

23.3262

88.2008

0.9891

10.4270

RS-Transformer

10.6295

0.9972

18.9148

102.9107

0.9852

8.2235

GS-Transformer

32.7169

0.9735

6.1445

346.4594

0.8324

5.5287

BO-Transformer

5.5452

0.9992

36.2845

53.7565

0.9960

15.9220

MOMVO-Transformer

4.4441

0.9979

22.3255

54.5659

0.9972

19.5469

MSSA-Transformer

8.9905

0.9915

11.0998

141.7431

0.9811

10.4672

MOEAD-Transformer

5.8889

0.9991

35.9243

57.4243

0.9954

16.0326

MOEBS-Transformer

5.4766

0.9993

37.2649

52.5328

0.9962

16.1724

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