Table 7 The comparison results of 5 models in Amazon.

From: Multiple objectives escaping bird search optimization and its application in stock market prediction based on transformer model

Model

Training set

Test set

RMSE

R2

RPD

RMSE

R2

RPD

CNN

14.4468

0.99484

14.9258

136.2487

0.97407

10.0916

LSTM

7.4371

0.99863

27.0368

1249.0474

−1.1789

1.166

BiLSTM

7.6044

0.99857

26.7637

983.8625

−0.35191

1.3677

GRU

7.4646

0.99862

27.3561

1310.8926

−1.4

1.1248

Transformer

8.8969

0.99804

23.3262

88.2008

0.98914

10.427

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