Fig. 5 | Scientific Reports

Fig. 5

From: Association between glycated hemoglobin A1c levels, control status, and cognitive function in type 2 diabetes: a prospective cohort study

Fig. 5

Association between HbA1c control status and global cognitive impairment. Forest plot displaying ORs and 95% CIs for the association between different HbA1c control status categories and global cognitive impairment. Categories include: “stable HbA1c” (HbA1c_2011 < 6.5% and HbA1c_2015 < 6.5%), “uncontrolled” (HbA1c_2015 ≥ 8.0%), “controlled” (HbA1c_2011 ≥ 6.5% and HbA1c_2015 < 6.5%), and “minimal change” (all other cases). Analyses are adjusted for baseline age, sex, residence, education level, smoking status, drinking status, BMI, hypertension, dyslipidemia, chronic lung diseases, CVD, lipid-lowering drugs, arthritis, CKD, depression, sleep duration, and physical activity, with p-values < 0.05 considered significant. The reference group includes participants with stable HbA1c levels (< 6.5% in both 2011 and 2015).

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