Table 1 Factors influencing participation intention.

Basic Info

School level, age, gender, region, previous participation, household income level

Antecedent variables

TPB

BA

Favorable or unfavorable feelings about the outcomes of the behavior

Abbasi et al. 2021⁴⁹; Ajzen & Fishbein 1970⁵⁰; Bianchi et al. 2017⁵¹

SN

Perceived social pressure from important others to perform or not perform a behavior

Cordano & Frieze 2000⁴⁶; Ajzen & Fishbein 1970⁵⁰

PBC

Perception of the availability of opportunities or resources to perform the behavior

Cordano & Frieze 2000⁴⁶; Ajzen & Fishbein 1970⁵⁰; Elliott et al. 2003⁵²

NAM

PN

Subjective judgment of willingness to participate in ice and snow sports

Schwartz 1997²⁵; Chen Lirong et al. 2024³⁵

Extended

RP

Subjective judgment of the characteristics and severity of specific risks

Weber et al. 2002⁴⁸; Abbasi et al. 2021⁴⁹; Tanveer et al. 2021⁵³;

PK

Familiarity or experience with specific products, key factors in decision-making

Bae et al. 2020⁵; van Riesen et al. 2022¹⁵; Duhan et al. 1997⁵⁴

Outcome variable

WP

Willingness to participate in an activity or decision, directly influencing sports participation

Bae et al. 2020⁵; Oksanen et al. 2019⁵⁵; Ouyang et al. 2020⁵⁶