Table 3 Heterogeneity in the effects of remote instruction on parent mental health.

From: Remote instruction adversely impacts parental mental health, less among homeschoolers

 

Is anxious

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

Remote share

0.110***

0.115***

0.059***

0.093***

0.106***

 

(0.006)

(0.028)

(0.008)

(0.006)

(0.006)

\(\times\) Is Homeschooling

− 0.066***

    
 

(0.012)

    

\(\times\) Baseline Homeschooling

 

−0.217

   
  

(0.567)

   

\(\times\) Is White

  

0.063***

  
   

(0.008)

  

\(\times\) Is College-Educated

   

− 0.043***

 
    

(0.008)

 

\(\times\) Is Male

    

− 0.005

     

(0.007)

Demographic controls

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

COVID-19 controls

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

State and year FE

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Observations

293,474

293,474

293,474

293,474

293,474

Adjusted \(\textrm{R}^{2}\)

0.049

0.048

0.049

0.048

0.053

  1. Sources: Census Pulse Survey, AEI Return-to-Learn, and Social Explorer. “Is Anxious” refers to whether or not a Pulse respondent reported feeling anxious more than half the days in the last week (0–1). “Remote Share” is the share of school districts delivering only remote education in each state for a given month (ranges 0–1). “Demographic Controls” include marital status, number of household children, employment status, race, educational attainment, income, home ownership or rental, and health insurance coverage through Medicaid. COVID case/death rates are logged measured of confirmed COVID-19 cases/deaths per 100,000 people in each state during the month before. Reported standard errors are clustered at the state level.
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