Table 1 Basic characteristics of participants.
Variables | Males (n = 385) | Females (n = 517) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
Age (years), mean ± SD | 70.81 ± 5.92 | 68.98 ± 5.85 | < 0.001 |
Age group, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||
60–64 years | 55 (14.29) | 138 (26.69) | |
65–69 years | 127 (33.34) | 161 (31.14) | |
≥ 70 years | 203 (52.73) | 218 (42.17) | |
BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD | 22.42 ± 2.91 | 23.11 ± 3.14 | 0.001 |
WC (cm), mean ± SD | 81.85 ± 8.97 | 81.82 ± 8.79 | 0.958 |
Smoking, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||
Non-smoker | 225 (58.44) | 515 (99.62) | |
Prior smoker | 39 (10.13) | 1 (0.19) | |
Current smoker | 121 (31.43) | 1 (0.19) | |
Alcohol, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||
Non-drinker | 243 (63.12) | 515 (99.61) | |
Prior drinker | 9 (2.33) | 0 (0.00) | |
Current drinker | 133 (34.55) | 2 (0.39) | |
Physical exercise, n (%) | 0.008 | ||
No | 352 (91.43) | 443 (85.69) | |
Yes | 33 (8.57) | 74 (14.31) | |
Cancer, n (%) | 0.993 | ||
No | 382 (99.22) | 513 (99.23) | |
Yes | 3 (0.78) | 4 (0.77) | |
Hypertension, n (%) | 0.227 | ||
No | 227 (58.96) | 284 (54.93) | |
Yes | 158 (41.04) | 233 (45.07) | |
Diabetes, n (%) | 0.022 | ||
No | 353 (91.69) | 449 (86.85) | |
Yes | 32 (8.31) | 68 (13.15) | |
Respiratory disease, n (%) | 0.766 | ||
No | 382 (99.22) | 512 (99.03) | |
Yes | 3 (0.78) | 5 (0.97) | |
Stroke, n (%) | 0.002 | ||
No | 374 (97.14) | 515 (99.61) | |
Yes | 11 (2.86) | 2 (0.39) | |
Grip strength (kg), mean ± SD | 24.88 ± 8.15 | 18.36 ± 5.11 | < 0.001 |
Gait speed (m/s), mean ± SD | 1.09 ± 0.18 | 1.06 ± 0.14 | 0.004 |
ASMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD | 7.80 ± 0.89 | 6.42 ± 0.64 | < 0.001 |
