Table 1 Demographic data and clinical characteristics of the 36 participants (data in n (%) or mean ± SD).

From: Diaphragm and sternocleidomastoid muscle activity with increasing inspiratory pressure loads in people after stroke

 

Total (n = 36)

Male (n = 26)

Female (n = 10)

Gender comparison (P value)

Age (years)

62 ± 12

61 ± 12

64 ± 12

> 0.05

Height (cm)

165 ± 8

169 ± 6

157 ± 6

< 0.001

Weight (kg)

63 ± 11

65 ± 10

55 ± 10

< 0.05

Body mass index (kg/m2)

22.8 ± 3.3

23.0 ± 3.0

22.5 ± 3.9

> 0.05

Diagnosis

Cerebral hemorrhage

16 (44%)

13 (50%)

3 (30%)

< 0.05

Cerebral infarction

20 (56%)

13 (50%)

7(70%)

< 0.05

Lesion side

Left

16 (44%)

14 (54%)

2 (20%)

< 0.05

Right

20 (56%)

12 (46%)

8 (80%)

< 0.05

Comorbidities

Hypertension

26 (72%)

18 (69%)

8 (80%)

< 0.05

Diabetes mellitus

10 (28%)

7 (27%)

3 (30%)

< 0.05

Hyperlipidemia

10 (28%)

7 (27%)

3 (30%)

< 0.05

Heart disease

4 (11%)

3 (12%)

1 (10%)

> 0.05

Duration of stroke (months)

3.6 ± 2.9

3.0 ± 2.6

5.3 ± 3.1

< 0.05

Smoking history

10 (28%)

10 (39%)

0 (0%)

< 0.05

National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score

5 ± 2

5 ± 2

5 ± 2

> 0.05

Modified Rankin Scale score

3 ± 1

3 ± 1

3 ± 1

> 0.05

Barthel index score

68 ± 24

67 ± 25

71 ± 23

> 0.05

FEV1 (L)

2.28 ± 0.58

2.42 ± 0.58

1.92 ± 0.38

< 0.05

FEV1 (% predicted)

74±12

75±12

71±11

> 0.05

FVC (L)

2.64 ± 0.65

2.79 ± 0.66

2.23 ± 0.44

< 0.05

FVC (% predicted)

71 ± 13

72 ± 13

70 ± 13

> 0.05

MIP (cmH2O)

46 ± 17

48 ± 18

40 ± 13

> 0.05

Diaphragm thickness at the end of tidal inspiration (mm)

Non-affected side

2.4 ± 0.3

2.4 ± 0.3

2.2 ± 0.2

> 0.05

Hemiplegic side

2.1 ± 0.3

2.2 ± 0.3

2.0 ± 0.2

> 0.05

Diaphragm thickness at the end of tidal expiration (mm)

Non-affected side

1.9 ± 0.3

1.9 ± 0.3

1.8 ± 0.2

> 0.05

Hemiplegic side

1.6 ± 0.2

1.6 ± 0.2

1.6 ± 0.2

> 0.05

Diaphragmatic thickness at the end of maximum inspiration (mm)

Non-affected side

3.9 ± 0.5

3.9 ± 0.5

3.8 ± 0.6

> 0.05

Hemiplegic side

3.4 ± 0.4

3.4 ± 0.4

3.2 ± 0.4

> 0.05

DTf of tidal inspiration (%)

Non-affected side

28 ± 11

29 ± 13

27 ± 7

> 0.05

Hemiplegic side

30 ± 13

31 ± 15

29 ± 10

> 0.05

DTf of maximum inspiration (%)

Non-affected side

113 ± 29

115 ± 29

106 ± 32

> 0.05

Hemiplegic side

108 ± 26

112 ± 26

98 ± 25

> 0.05

  1. FEV1 Forced expiratory volume in 1 s, FVC Forced vital capacity, FEV1(% predicted) The percentage of predicted FEV1, FVC (% predicted) The percentage of predicted FVC value, MIP Maximum inspiratory pressure, DTf Diaphragm thickening fraction.
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