Table 1 CRD Mortality due to Occupational PMGF exposure in 1990 and 2021 with AAPC from 1990–2021.

From: Global trends and age-period-cohort effects of chronic respiratory disease mortality attributed to industrial gaseous pollutants from 1990 to 2021

Group

aDeath, 1990

bASMR, 1990

aDeath, 2021

bASMR, 2021

AAPC in ASMR, 1990–2021

*P-value

Overall CRD

430,821 (263222, 597552)

21.742 (13.339, 30.109)

590,055 (357752, 836205)

12.839 (7.803, 18.201)

-1.690 (-1.816, -1.564)*

< 0.001

Male

289,316 (142672, 444488)

34.822 (17.292, 53.577)

416,299 (208060, 641502)

20.887 (10.474, 32.255)

-1.638 (-1.820, -1.456)*

< 0.001

Female

141,505 (63922, 229853)

12.548 (5.652, 20.367)

173,755 (76743, 285334)

6.723 (2.969, 11.035)

-1.995 (-2.156, -1.834)*

< 0.001

COPD

424,804 (257226, 591294)

21.449 (13.048, 29.804)

585,297 (353062, 831325)

12.736 (7.702, 18.095)

-1.673 (-1.800, -1.546)*

< 0.001

Pneumoconiosis

6017 (4831, 7588)

0.293 (0.237, 0.366)

4758 (3840, 6542)

0.103 (0.083, 0.141)

-3.333 (-3.490, -3.176)*

< 0.001

Low SDI

23,130 (13092, 33604)

23.727 (13.686, 34.532)

44,530 (26529, 63636)

20.885 (12.569, 29.707)

-0.370 (-0.752, 0.013)

0.058

Low-middle SDI

74,692 (42281, 110163)

27.120 (15.532, 40.120)

166,192 (98476, 236838)

24.658 (14.742, 35.049)

-0.273 (-0.742, 0.198)

0.255

Middle SDI

186,857 (116126, 258324)

41.903 (26.242, 57.849)

227,995 (139426, 323459)

17.874 (11.001, 25.342)

-2.753 (-3.031, -2.474)*

< 0.001

High-middle SDI

113,163 (69702, 158232)

23.059 (14.277, 32.175)

107,954 (65082, 156271)

10.030 (6.048, 14.525)

-2.649 (-2.943, -2.354)*

< 0.001

High SDI

32,804 (18800, 47436)

5.165 (2.961, 7.467)

43,166 (24454, 63882)

3.330 (1.880, 4.921)

-1.413 (-1.526, -1.299)*

< 0.001

Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia

18,129 (10242, 26380)

7.152 (4.079, 10.370)

11,193 (6259, 16425)

3.033 (1.696, 4.456)

-2.671 (-3.072, -2.269)*

< 0.001

High-income

30,980 (17319, 45634)

4.463 (2.494, 6.572)

42,444 (23617, 63038)

3.080 (1.707, 4.566)

-1.171 (-1.451, -0.890)*

< 0.001

Latin America and Caribbean

9201 (5476, 13084)

8.923 (5.337, 12.735)

18,879 (11440, 26853)

5.788 (3.513, 8.238)

-1.373 (-1.835, -0.908)*

< 0.001

North Africa and Middle East

6312 (3391, 9487)

8.382 (4.543, 12.625)

11,319 (6304, 17002)

5.641 (3.176, 8.466)

-1.262 (-1.389, -1.136)*

< 0.001

South Asia

83,465 (46101, 124338)

33.307 (18.662, 49.909)

196,926 (116338, 281827)

28.349 (16.896, 40.491)

-0.497 (-1.115, 0.125)

0.117

Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Oceania

271,027 (168922, 375183)

59.129 (37.158, 81.812)

290,479 (178247, 416466)

21.645 (13.349, 31.023)

-3.231 (-3.554, -2.907)*

< 0.001

Sub-Saharan Africa

11,708 (6929, 16656)

12.439 (7.460, 17.669)

18,814 (11390, 26894)

9.246 (5.660, 13.143)

-0.952 (-0.993, -0.911)*

< 0.001

  1. Abbreviations: AAPC: average annual percentage change; ASMR: age-standardized mortality rates; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRD: chronic respiratory disease; PMGF: particulate matter, gases, and fumes; SDI: socio-demographic index.
  2. aThe number of deaths was derived by summing across all age groups.
  3. bThe ASMR was calculated by adjusting the mortality rates for each age group to a standard population.
  4. *The AAPC was statistically significant with a P value < 0.05.
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