Fig. 4

Schematic of FSW processes: (a) eccentric shoulder, 0 °tilt angle, (b) aligned shoulder, 0 °tilt angle, (c) eccentric shoulder, 3 °tilt angle, (d) aligned shoulder, and 3 °tilt angle.

Schematic of FSW processes: (a) eccentric shoulder, 0 °tilt angle, (b) aligned shoulder, 0 °tilt angle, (c) eccentric shoulder, 3 °tilt angle, (d) aligned shoulder, and 3 °tilt angle.