Fig. 4

Feeding activity of A. obscurus wireworms in the bioassay arena, depending on seed treatment, over a 4-h video recording (a,b) and during the 5-min period immediately after the first contact with the seeds (c–f). Different letters indicate significant differences between variants (p ≤ 0.05, Kruskal–Wallis test). Vertical bars represent the standard error of the means. UTWS, TTWS, and ITWS represent untreated, thiamethoxam-treated, and imidacloprid-treated variants, respectively. Each test group includes 20 insects.