Fig. 5

Actograms showing tremors and convulsive body bending behaviour (BBB) of A. obscurus wireworms following contact with imidacloprid-treated seeds. (a) Feeding on seeds with no visible body movements. (b) Small-amplitude tremors in an intoxicated wireworm. (c) Large-amplitude BBB, indicative of toxic stress. (d) Drastic change in wireworm behaviour due to intoxication. Note the different y-axis scales in panels (a–d). The reference point is positioned perpendicular to the wireworm’s body axis.