Table 3 Convergence results of different optimization algorithms based on FD002.

From: Improved sand cat swarm optimization algorithm assisted GraphSAGE-GRU for remaining useful life of engine

Algorithms

R2

RMSE

SMAPE

Time (h)

ISCSO-GraphSAGE-GRU

0.9910

5.7436

0.0368

28.94

SCSO-GraphSAGE-GRU

0.9857

7.2572

0.0432

30.47

SSA-GraphSAGE-GRU

0.9791

8.7694

0.0595

33.28

WOA-GraphSAGE-GRU

0.9804

8.4923

0.0608

34.53

ASO-GraphSAGE-GRU

0.9906

5.8799

0.0417

30.66

EOCSGWO-GraphSAGE-GRU

09771

9.1942

0.06881

32.15

ADSOOA -GraphSAGE-GRU

0.9886

6.4623

0.04779

28.76