Fig. 1

Sampling locations, typical habitats, and selected life stage for Ips BBs. (a) Sampling sites in five locations of China, and the map using QGIS 3.34.13 (https://qgis.org/). (b–d) Symptoms and galleries on spruce infested by I. typographus; (e–h). Frass, eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults of I. hauseri in spruce galleries.