Fig. 5

Experimentally measured temperatures and pressures for Cases SM1 and SM2 of Table 1, shown in (a, c) and (b, c) respectively. Lumped-capacitance model simulations are also shown in (a) and (b). \(T_\text {f1}\), \(T_\text {f2}\), and \(T_\text {f3}\) are product temperature readings in different center vials; \(T_\text {vw}\) is the temperature measured on the outside wall of a vial. Model curves terminate at predicted end of primary drying. In (a), the model \(R_{p}\) was adjusted to match product temperature readings. All microwave-related parameters are determined from Case M1 in Fig. 8 below, so Case SM2 in (b) has no tuning parameters.