Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients according to quartiles of glycemic variability.

From: Glycemic variability and its association with short and long term clinical outcomes in critically ill patients with cerebral hemorrhage

Characteristic

Overall, N = 732

Q1, N = 183

Q2, N = 183

Q3, N = 183

Q4, N = 183

P-value

GV

0.15 (0.11, 0.21)

0.08 (0.05, 0.09)

0.13 (0.12, 0.14)

0.17 (0.16, 0.19)

0.28 (0.24, 0.37)

< 0.001

Demographic

Age

71 (60, 81)

72 (61, 83)

70 (60, 81)

69 (57, 80)

70 (61, 80)

0.200

Gender

0.110

Male

396 (54.1%)

91 (49.7%)

104 (56.8%)

110 (60.1%)

91 (49.7%)

 

Female

336 (45.9%)

92 (50.3%)

79 (43.2%)

73 (39.9%)

92 (50.3%)

 

Race

0.014

Asian

30 (4.1%)

4 (2.2%)

8 (4.4%)

8 (4.4%)

10 (5.5%)

 

Black

76 (10.4%)

18 (9.8%)

24 (13.1%)

18 (9.8%)

16 (8.7%)

 

White

424 (57.9%)

128 (69.9%)

86 (47.0%)

107 (58.5%)

103 (56.3%)

 

Hispanic/Latino

21 (2.9%)

5 (2.7%)

5 (2.7%)

4 (2.2%)

7 (3.8%)

 

Other/Unknown

181 (24.7%)

28 (15.3%)

60 (32.8%)

46 (25.1%)

47 (25.7%)

 

Vital signs

SBP

137 (123, 152)

134 (120, 146)

139 (125, 155)

138 (123, 151)

139 (122, 155)

0.080

DBP

73 (64, 84)

72 (64, 83)

74 (65, 86)

77 (66, 89)

70 (61, 83)

0.028

HR

81 (70, 93)

78 (70, 91)

81 (71, 92)

82 (69, 94)

81 (72, 94)

0.782

RR

18.0 (16.0, 21.0)

18.0 (15.0, 21.0)

18.0 (16.0, 21.0)

18.0 (15.0, 22.0)

18.0 (16.0, 21.0)

0.788

First GCS

12.0 (7.0, 14.0)

14.0 (9.0, 15.0)

11.0 (7.0, 14.0)

12.0 (8.0, 14.0)

10.0 (6.0, 14.0)

< 0.001

Comorbidities

Hypertension

0.015

Yes

493 (67.3%)

119 (65.0%)

138 (75.4%)

126 (68.9%)

110 (60.1%)

 

No

239 (32.7%)

64 (35.0%)

45 (24.6%)

57 (31.1%)

73 (39.9%)

 

Diabetes

< 0.001

Yes

171 (23.4%)

27 (14.8%)

35 (19.1%)

31 (16.9%)

78 (42.6%)

 

No

561 (76.6%)

156 (85.2%)

148 (80.9%)

152 (83.1%)

105 (57.4%)

 

AF

0.904

Yes

173 (23.6%)

46 (25.1%)

43 (23.5%)

40 (21.9%)

44 (24.0%)

 

No

559 (76.4%)

137 (74.9%)

140 (76.5%)

143 (78.1%)

139 (76.0%)

 

HF

0.100

Yes

73 (10.0%)

16 (8.7%)

15 (8.2%)

15 (8.2%)

27 (14.8%)

 

No

659 (90.0%)

167 (91.3%)

168 (91.8%)

168 (91.8%)

156 (85.2%)

 

CHD

0.543

Yes

50 (6.8%)

9 (4.9%)

13 (7.1%)

12 (6.6%)

16 (8.7%)

 

No

682 (93.2%)

174 (95.1%)

170 (92.9%)

171 (93.4%)

167 (91.3%)

 

Copd

0.773

Yes

25 (3.4%)

7 (3.8%)

5 (2.7%)

5 (2.7%)

8 (4.4%)

 

No

707 (96.6%)

176 (96.2%)

178 (97.3%)

178 (97.3%)

175 (95.6%)

 

RF

< 0.001

Yes

222 (30.3%)

31 (16.9%)

56 (30.6%)

58 (31.7%)

77 (42.1%)

 

No

510 (69.7%)

152 (83.1%)

127 (69.4%)

125 (68.3%)

106 (57.9%)

 

CKD

0.014

Yes

94 (12.8%)

17 (9.3%)

25 (13.7%)

17 (9.3%)

35 (19.1%)

 

No

638 (87.2%)

166 (90.7%)

158 (86.3%)

166 (90.7%)

148 (80.9%)

 

KF

0.011

Yes

112 (15.3%)

16 (8.7%)

29 (15.8%)

28 (15.3%)

39 (21.3%)

 

No

620 (84.7%)

167 (91.3%)

154 (84.2%)

155 (84.7%)

144 (78.7%)

 

Anemia

0.062

Yes

121 (16.5%)

20 (10.9%)

32 (17.5%)

30 (16.4%)

39 (21.3%)

 

No

611 (83.5%)

163 (89.1%)

151 (82.5%)

153 (83.6%)

144 (78.7%)

 

Sepsis

0.012

Yes

24 (3.3%)

2 (1.1%)

2 (1.1%)

10 (5.5%)

10 (5.5%)

 

No

708 (96.7%)

181 (98.9%)

181 (98.9%)

173 (94.5%)

173 (94.5%)

 

Tumor

0.143

Yes

25 (3.4%)

10 (5.5%)

6 (3.3%)

2 (1.1%)

7 (3.8%)

 

No

707 (96.6%)

173 (94.5%)

177 (96.7%)

181 (98.9%)

176 (96.2%)

 

Severity scores

APSIII

43 (30, 57)

36 (27, 46)

42 (30, 53)

43 (33, 55)

52 (38, 73)

< 0.001

OASIS

35 (29, 41)

32 (28, 38)

35 (29, 40)

36 (30, 41)

38 (31, 43)

< 0.001

SAPSII

33 (26, 40)

31 (26, 38)

32 (25, 38)

31 (25, 39)

36 (29, 43)

< 0.001

SOFA-1 h

1.00 (0.00, 1.00)

0.00 (0.00, 1.00)

0.00 (0.00, 1.00)

1.00 (0.00, 2.00)

1.00 (0.00, 2.00)

0.261

SIRS

2.00 (2.00, 3.00)

2.00 (2.00, 3.00)

3.00 (2.00, 3.00)

2.00 (2.00, 3.00)

3.00 (2.00, 3.00)

< 0.001

CCI

6.00 (5.00, 8.00)

6.00 (5.00, 7.00)

6.00 (5.00, 8.00)

6.00 (4.00, 7.00)

7.00 (5.00, 9.00)

< 0.001

Laboratory parameters

RBC

4.10 (3.60, 4.50)

4.10 (3.60, 4.50)

4.20 (3.70, 4.50)

4.10 (3.70, 4.50)

3.99 (3.50, 4.40)

0.025

WBC

10.4 (8.2, 12.9)

9.7 (7.8, 12.1)

10.7 (8.5, 13.4)

10.1 (8.2, 12.3)

10.9 (8.7, 13.8)

0.009

Platelet

206 (163, 254)

208 (170, 249)

203 (166, 249)

203 (161, 247)

211 (161, 267)

0.846

Glu Mean

130 (114, 152)

120 (107, 137)

128 (113, 146)

128 (116, 144)

152 (129, 183)

< 0.001

Number of Glucose Measurements

9 (4,16)

5 (3, 10)

10 (5, 18)

10 (6, 18)

9 (4, 18)

< 0.001

PT

12.40 (11.70, 13.50)

12.24 (11.75, 13.40)

12.16 (11.60, 13.20)

12.50 (11.80, 13.55)

12.84 (11.75, 13.85)

0.047

APTT

28.1 (26.2, 30.2)

28.2 (26.4, 30.0)

27.9 (26.5, 29.9)

28.0 (25.6, 29.8)

28.5 (25.8, 30.9)

0.428

Aniongap

15.00 (13.00, 17.00)

15.00 (13.00, 16.51)

15.00 (13.00, 17.00)

15.00 (13.00, 17.00)

15.00 (13.00, 17.00)

0.749

Bicarbonate

23.45 (22.00, 25.00)

24.00 (22.00, 26.00)

24.00 (22.00, 25.00)

23.07 (21.00, 25.00)

23.00 (21.00, 25.00)

0.279

BUN

16 (12, 21)

15 (12, 19)

15 (12, 21)

16 (12, 20)

18 (14, 25)

< 0.001

Sodium

139.2 (137.0, 142.0)

140.0 (138.0, 142.0)

140.0 (137.0, 142.0)

139.4 (137.5, 141.0)

139.0 (137.0, 141.0)

0.044

Potassium

3.90 (3.60, 4.20)

3.90 (3.60, 4.20)

3.90 (3.50, 4.20)

3.90 (3.50, 4.20)

3.90 (3.60, 4.40)

0.339

Calcium

2.20 (2.10, 2.27)

2.22 (2.15, 2.27)

2.20 (2.11, 2.30)

2.18 (2.10, 2.27)

2.18 (2.07, 2.25)

0.015

Chloride

103.0 (101.0, 106.0)

103.2 (101.0, 106.0)

103.0 (100.0, 106.0)

104.0 (101.0, 106.0)

103.0 (100.0, 106.0)

0.410

Creatinine

80 (62, 97)

79 (62, 89)

80 (62, 97)

80 (62, 97)

80 (69, 115)

0.038

Hemoglobin

12.30 (11.00, 13.50)

12.50 (10.95, 13.50)

12.50 (11.30, 13.50)

12.50 (11.35, 13.70)

11.90 (10.50, 13.10)

0.006

MCH

30.43 (29.00, 31.80)

30.40 (29.35, 31.60)

30.50 (28.90, 31.75)

30.50 (28.95, 32.05)

30.30 (29.00, 31.60)

0.860

MCHC

33.40 (32.40, 34.30)

33.20 (32.50, 34.15)

33.50 (32.50, 34.40)

33.50 (32.40, 34.60)

33.30 (32.25, 34.10)

0.250

INR

1.10 (1.10, 1.20)

1.10 (1.10, 1.20)

1.10 (1.09, 1.20)

1.10 (1.10, 1.20)

1.12 (1.10, 1.30)

0.113

Medical history

Antidiabetic

< 0.001

Yes

614 (83.9%)

136 (74.3%)

154 (84.2%)

163 (89.1%)

161 (88.0%)

 

No

118 (16.1%)

47 (25.7%)

29 (15.8%)

20 (10.9%)

22 (12.0%)

 

Antithrombotic

0.485

Yes

173 (23.6%)

51 (27.9%)

41 (22.4%)

40 (21.9%)

41 (22.4%)

 

No

559 (76.4%)

132 (72.1%)

142 (77.6%)

143 (78.1%)

142 (77.6%)

 

Outcomes

Poor outcomes at Discharge

0.003

Yes

600 (82.0%)

134 (73.2%)

153 (83.6%)

153 (83.6%)

160 (87.4%)

 

No

132 (18.0%)

49 (26.8%)

30 (16.4%)

30 (16.4%)

23 (12.6%)

 

90 Day Death

< 0.001

Yes

248 (33.9%)

56 (30.6%)

52 (28.4%)

49 (26.8%)

91 (49.7%)

 

No

484 (66.1%)

127 (69.4%)

131 (71.6%)

134 (73.2%)

92 (50.3%)

 

90-day Survival Time

90 (19, 90)

90 (42, 90)

90 (42, 90)

90 (66, 90)

90 (6, 90)

< 0.001

1 Year Death

< 0.001

Yes

293 (40.0%)

68 (37.2%)

62 (33.9%)

66 (36.1%)

97 (53.0%)

 

No

439 (60.0%)

115 (62.8%)

121 (66.1%)

117 (63.9%)

86 (47.0%)

 

1-year Survival Time

365 (19, 365)

365 (42, 365)

365 (42, 365)

365 (66, 365)

90 (6, 365)

< 0.001

ICU LOS

5 (3, 9)

4 (3, 5)

6 (4, 11)

6 (3, 11)

5 (3, 10)

< 0.001

Hospital LOS

9 (5, 15)

7 (4, 11)

11 (7, 16)

11 (7, 17)

8 (5, 16)

< 0.001

  1. Q1: [0.0045,0.105); Q2: [0.105,0.150); Q3: [0.150,0.215); Q4: [0.215,1.300].
  2. GV glycemic variability, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, HR heart rate, RR respiratory rate, GCS Glasgow Coma Scale; AF atrial fibrillation, HF heart failure, CHD Coronary heart disease, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, RF respiratory failure, CKD chronic kidney disease, KF kidney failure, APSIII Acute Physiology Score III, OASIS Oxford Acute Severity of Illness Score, SAPSII Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment,, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, CCI Charlson Comorbidity Index, RBC red blood cell, WBC white blood cell, Glu glucose, PT prothrombin time, APTT activated partial thromboplastin time, BUN blood urea nitrogen, MCH mean corpuscular hemoglobin, MCHC mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, INR International Normalized Ratio, LOS length of stay, ICU intensive care unit.
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