Fig. 4

(A) Performance of 1000 m run in male university students (n = 10037) categorized into four groups based on body mass index (BMI) before (2019), during (early: 2020; late: 2021), and after (2022) the COVID-19 pandemic; (B) comparison of 1000 m run performance between the four BMI groups during each period; (C) changes in pulmonary vital capacity in male university students categorized into four groups based on body mass index (BMI) before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic; (D) comparison of vital capacity between the four BMI groups in each period; (E) Changes in body mass index (BMI) of male university students categorized into four groups according to BMI before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic; (F) comparison of BMI between the four BMI groups during each period. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.001 based on Dunn’s multiple comparison test. Underweight: body mass index (BMI) < 18.5; normal: 18.5 ≤ BMI < 25; overweight: 25 ≤ BMI < 30; obese: BMI ≥ 30.