Table 2 Comparison of the critical uniform axial buckling stress for different elements.

From: Numerical investigation on the penetration process of steel casings in riprap environment of estuarine mudflats

Name

Nigenvalue

Critical uniform axial buckling stress (MPa)

Classical solution

199.64

6.36 × 103

Shell element

191.78

6.11 × 103

Solid element (One-layer grid)

20.033

0.64 × 103

Solid element (Five-layer grid)

192.86

6.14 × 103

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