Fig. 1

Effect sizes of associations between predictors and health-related quality of life. Dots represent effect size and error bars represent 95% confidence interval. Health-related quality of life was measured based on the Short Form-8 score and normalized to a 0–100 scale as detailed in Methods. Effect sizes shown are after adjustment for age, sex, race/ethnicity, body mass index, and diabetes, and only predictors significantly associated with health-related quality of life in these models are shown.