Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study participants by frailty status .

From: Pre-frailty is associated with higher risk of gastroesophageal reflux disease: a large prospective cohort study

Characteristics

Total (N = 327,965)

Non-frail (N = 161,988)

Pre-frail (N = 151,689)

Frail (N = 14,288)

P value

Age (years)

    

< 0.001

 < 60

179,267 (54.7)

87,427 (54.0)

84,727 (55.9)

7113 (49.8)

 

 ≥ 60

148,698 (45.3)

74,561 (46.0)

66,962 (44.1)

7175 (50.2)

 

Sex

    

< 0.001

 Female

174,064 (53.1)

82,103 (50.7)

83,174 (54.8)

8787 (61.5)

 

 Male

153,901 (46.9)

79,885 (49.3)

68,515 (45.2)

5501 (38.5)

 

Ethnics

    

< 0.001

 Non-white

15,799 (4.8)

5057 (3.1)

9134 (6.0)

1608 (11.3)

 

 White

311,146 (95.2)

156,485 (96.9)

142,067 (94.0)

12,594 (88.7)

 

TDI (mean (SD))

− 1.43 (3.02)

− 1.80 (2.81)

− 1.20 (3.10)

0.25 (3.53)

< 0.001

Education

    

< 0.001

 High

115,025 (35.3)

62,188 (38.6)

50,036 (33.3)

2801 (19.9)

 

 Intermediate

107,242 (33.0)

53,177 (33.0)

49,958 (33.2)

4107 (29.2)

 

 Low

103,151 (31.7)

45,590 (28.3)

50,422 (33.5)

7139 (50.8)

 

Occupation

    

< 0.001

 Unemployed

23,849 (7.3)

8544 (5.3)

11,532 (7.6)

3773 (26.6)

 

 Employed

303,106 (92.7)

153,013 (94.7)

139,671 (92.4)

10,422 (73.4)

 

BMI

    

< 0.001

 < 18.5 kg/m2

1705 (0.5)

800 (0.5)

784 (0.5)

121 (0.8)

 

 18.5–24.9 kg/m2

112,561 (34.3)

65,187 (40.2)

44,961 (29.6)

2413 (16.9)

 

 25.0–29.9 kg/m2

139,272 (42.5)

70,427 (43.5)

64,301 (42.4)

4544 (31.8)

 

 ≥ 30 kg/m2

74,427 (22.7)

25,574 (15.8)

41,643 (27.5)

7210 (50.5)

 

Smoking status

    

< 0.001

 Never

181,415 (55.5)

92,285 (57.1)

82,381 (54.5)

6749 (47.5)

 

 Previous

112,096 (34.3)

55,988 (34.6)

51,376 (34.0)

4732 (33.3)

 

 Current

33,540 (10.3)

13,334 (8.3)

17,490 (11.6)

2716 (19.1)

 

Alcohol drinking status

    

< 0.001

 Never

12,812 (3.9)

4586 (2.8)

6813 (4.5)

1413 (9.9)

 

 Previous

10,806 (3.3)

3789 (2.3)

5674 (3.7)

1343 (9.4)

 

 Current

304,099 (92.8)

153,549 (94.8)

139,054 (91.8)

11,496 (80.7)

 

Aspirin

89,548 (27.3)

39,630 (24.5)

44,305 (29.2)

5613 (39.3)

< 0.001

NSAID

90,157 (27.5)

39,915 (24.6)

44,571 (29.4)

5671 (39.7)

< 0.001

Anxiety

5339 (1.6)

1972 (1.2)

2771 (1.8)

596 (4.2)

< 0.001

Depression

18,770 (5.7)

6092 (3.8)

10,355 (6.8)

2323 (16.3)

< 0.001

Diabetes

18,173 (5.5)

5076 (3.1)

10,335 (6.8)

2762 (19.3)

< 0.001

Hypertension

176,869 (53.9)

84,105 (51.9)

83,124 (54.8)

9640 (67.5)

< 0.001

UGID

3050 (0.9)

1215 (0.8)

1536 (1.0)

299 (2.1)

< 0.001

  1. Data are expressed as numbers and percentages for categorical variables and medians and standard deviation (SD) for continuous variables. The P values were generated using Chi-Squared test and analysis of variance for categorical and continuous variables, respectively. BMI: body mass index; TDI: Townsend deprivation index. High educational level: college or university degree; Intermediate educational level: A/AS levels or equivalent, O levels/GCSEs or equivalent; Low educational level: none of the aforementioned. NSAID: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. UGID: upper gastroenterology diseases.
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