Fig. 2

illustrates the analytical framework for mixed traffic flow involving LHD and RHD vehicles. In the first spatiotemporal computation module, the collection and preprocessing of license plate recognition data are conducted, allowing for an understanding of the spatiotemporal distribution of cross-border travel, thereby providing a foundational dataset for subsequent research. The behavioral modeling module employs mathematical statistics to directly analyze observable differences in driving behavior, followed by the identification of unobservable behavioral differences through microscopic traffic simulation modeling. Finally, in the feature analysis module, the impact of heterogeneous vehicle penetration rates, characterized by the aforementioned differences in driving behavior, on mixed traffic flow is examined, including effects on road capacity and the evolution of traffic conditions. *Map creation software: QGIS 3.42, https://qgis.org/downloads/QGIS-OSGeo4W-3.34.15-1.msi.