Table 1 Comprehensive statistical distribution of MoCA, GDS, and HGS indicators in older adults.

From: Association of handgrip strength weakness and asymmetry with cognitive impairment and depressive symptoms in older Chinese adults

 

n (%)

Age

MoCA

GDS

Dominant HGS

Non-Dominant HGS

HGS Ratio

  

Mean

P

Mean

P

Mean

P

Mean

P

Mean

P

Mean

P

All

 

71.92

 

18.29

 

5.77

 

23.53

 

21.84

 

1.09

 

Age group

    

< 0.001

 

0.063

 

< 0.001

 

< 0.001

 

0.073

60–69

370 (40.2)

/

 

19.82

a

5.85

 

24.84

a

21.01

a

1.09

 

70–79

450 (48.9)

/

 

18.23

b

5.50

 

23.54

b

19.29

b

1.08

 

80–89

100 (10.9)

/

 

12.92

c

6.69

 

18.71

c

17.15

c

1.10

 

Sex

  

0.717

 

< 0.001

 

0.008

 

< 0.001

 

< 0.001

 

< 0.001

Men

389 (42.3)

72.00

 

19.89

 

5.29

 

29.97

 

28.03

 

1.07

 

Women

531 (57.7)

71.87

 

17.12

 

6.12

 

18.82

 

17.31

 

1.09

 

Education

  

< 0.001

 

< 0.001

 

0.167

 

< 0.001

 

< 0.001

 

< 0.001

Illiteracy

345 (37.5)

73.23

a

13.90

a

6.02

 

21.03

a

19.33

a

1.10

a

Primary school

317 (34.5)

71.00

b

19.84

b

5.85

 

23.83

b

22.10

b

1.08

b

Junior high school or higher

258 (28.0)

71.31

c

22.27

c

5.31

 

26.53

c

24.88

c

1.07

c

Pre-retirement occupation

  

0.876

 

< 0.001

 

0.944

 

< 0.001

 

< 0.001

 

0.038

Non-manual

79 (8.6)

72.00

 

22.01

a

5.59

 

28.26

a

26.61

a

1.07

a

Manual

764 (83.0)

71.89

 

17.55

b

5.78

 

22.74

b

21.08

b

1.09

b

Mixed

77 (8.4)

72.22

 

21.74

c

5.74

 

26.43

a

24.43

a

1.09

ab

Income (¥/month)

  

0.074

 

< 0.001

 

0.004

 

0.001

 

< 0.001

 

0.096

< 1000

85 (9.2)

73.16

 

15.34

a

7.09

a

21.81

a

20.17

a

1.09

 

1000 ~ 3000

541 (58.8)

71.59

 

17.80

b

5.90

b

23.06

a

21.35

a

1.09

 

3000 ~ 4000

135 (14.7)

72.21

 

19.18

c

5.40

bc

23.97

ab

22.20

a

1.08

 

> 5000

159 (17.3)

72.13

 

20.84

d

4.94

cd

25.68

b

24.09

b

1.07

 

Living arrangement

  

< 0.001

 

< 0.001

 

< 0.001

 

< 0.001

 

< 0.001

 

0.010

Not living alone

763 (82.9)

71.42

 

18.71

 

5.45

 

24.14

 

22.45

 

1.08

 

Living alone

157 (17.1)

74.34

 

16.27

 

7.28

 

20.59

 

18.86

 

1.10

 
  1. MoCA: the Montreal Cognitive Assessment; GDS: the Geriatric Depression Scale; Dominant HGS: dominant handgrip strength; Non-Dominant HGS: non-dominant handgrip strength; HGS Ratio: handgrip strength ratio (dominant HGS, kg/non-dominant HGS, kg).
  2. *If the ANOVA indicated a significant difference, then the Least Significant Difference (LSD) method was employed to conduct post-hoc multiple-comparisons analysis. Significant differences between pairs of groups are denoted by different letters (a, b, c and d).
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