Table 2 Levels (µg/g) of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), and nickel (Ni) in Nass samples of available in the Iranian market.
From: Human health risk assessment of toxic metals in Nass smokeless tobacco in Iran
Outcomes | N | Ni Mean ± SD (Min –Max) | P value | As Mean ± SD (Min –Max) | P value | Cd Mean ± SD (Min –Max) | P value | Pb Mean ± SD (Min –Max) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Color | |||||||||
Green | 21 | 25.09 ± 8.46 (4.95–44.65) | 0.106 | 0.65 ± 0.28 (< LOQ-1.13) | 0.316 | 2.92 ± 0.54 (1.35–3.65) | 0.585 | 39.96 ± 6.29 (25.40–49.50) | 0.163 |
Brown | 21 | 21.40 ± 5.69 (5.95–33.90) | 0.76 ± 0.22 (< LOQ − 1.12) | 2.88 ± 0.58 (1.20–3.45) | 40.46 ± 9.32 (17.60–57.70) | ||||
Packaged | |||||||||
Hand | 12 | 23.77 ± 8.47 (14.75–32.40) | 0.563 | 0.71 ± 0.27 (< LOQ − 1.01) | 0.991 | 3.19 ± 0.27 a (2.60–3.65) | 0.005 | 39.07 ± 4.63 (31.10–51.90) | 0.796 |
Factory | 30 | 22.40 ± 5.21 (4.95–44.65) | 0.70 ± 0.25 (< LOQ − 1.17) | 2.72 ± 0.60 (1.20–3.40) | 38.49 ± 9.66 (17.60–57.70) | ||||
Total | 42 | 23.24 ± 7.36 (4.95–44.65) | 0.71 ± 0.25(< LOQ − 1.17) | 2.90 ± 0.55 (1.20–3.65) | 38.71 ± 8.05 (17.60–57.70) | ||||
