Table 1 Properties of CRDI engine test fuels.

From: Optimization of cashew nut shell biodiesel production with industrial waste catalysts and butanol additives for ecofriendly CRDI engine applications

Test fuels and their properties

Density (kg/m3)

Kinematic viscosity (mm2/s)

Flash point (°C)

Calorific value (kJ/kg)

Cetane Index

Latent heat of vaporisation (kJ/kg)

Reference

Measuring instrument used

Density measurement

Redwood viscometer

Closed cup pensky martens apparatus

Bomb calorimeter

Traditional laboratory method

–

Current study

ASTM test methods

D1298

D445

D93

D240

D976

–

 

ASTM D6751 (Biodiesel limit)

860–900

1.9–6

130 (min)

–

47 (min)

–

 

Diesel

830

3.18

66

42,500

51

250

 

CSLB

856

5.13

104

38,400

57

–

 

CSLB5

873

3.44

71

44,420

54

–

 

CSLB10

916

3.71

76

46,340

57

–

 

Butanol

810

2.69

28

33,800

23

626

 

Diesel + 2.5% Butanol

850

3.24

66

43,345

51

–

 

Diesel + 5% Butanol

871

3.31

67

44,190

52

–

 

Diesel + 10% Butanol

911

3.45

69

45,880

53

–

 

CSLB5 + 2.5% Butanol

893

3.57

72

45,265

54

–

 

CSLB5 + 5% Butanol

914

3.60

72

46,110

55

–

 

CSLB5 + 10% Butanol

954

3.71

74

47,800

56

–

 

CSLB10 + 2.5% Butanol

936

3.78

76

47,185

58

–

 

CSLB10 + 5% Butanol

957

3.84

77

48,030

58

–

 

CSLB10 + 10% Butanol

972

3.91

79

49,720

59

–

 

Diesel

830

2.5

58

45,600

48

 

Singh et al.31

Eucalyptus biodiesel (B100)

875

3.1

100

44,100

55

–

 

B20

868

2.9

76

43,600

50

–

 

B20 + 5% Butanol

856

2.7

72

42,900

48

–

 

B20 + 10% Butanol

848

2.4

69

42,410

47

–

 

B20 + 15% Butanol

840

2.2

65

42,125

46

–

 

Diesel

842

3.35

–

45,590

49.5

270

EL–Seesy et al.35

Raw Jojoba oil

878

24.43

–

44,944

53

380

 

Butanol

811

2.72

–

33,630

17

584

 

DBJ5 + 10% Butanol

855

3.62

–

44,526

50.6

–

 

DBJ10 + 10% Butanol

856

4.01

–

44,820

50.8

–

 

DBJ15 + 10% Butanol

857

4.42

–

44,756

51.5

–

 

Diesel

832

2.69

57

45,750

–

260

Hassan et al.36

Castor oil biodiesel (B100)

925

12.41

122

38,440

–

358

 

Butanol

809

2.62

34

33,100

–

590

 

D90B10

839

3.03

60

43,400

–

270

 

D80B10 + 10% Butanol

835

2.81

46

42,830

–

300

 

Diesel

850

2.72

63

43,100

51

–

Pullagura et al.37

Sea mango biodiesel (SMB)

880

4.13

131

40,950

55

–

 

Butanol

810

2.21

36

34,000

25

–

 

SMB15

870

3.86

120

42,400

50

–

 

D75SMB15 + 10% Butanol

834

3.60

84

40,800

52

–

 
Back to article page