Fig. 4

Metabolite abundance comparison between A549 cells, ARPE-19 cells, and rat eyecups. For each model, the mean percentage of total metabolite abundance for each metabolite was calculated and metabolites were grouped according to their KEGG pathway with modifications (see supplementary data). Unpaired T-tests were performed on metabolite abundances between models and adjusted for multiple testing using the Benjamini–Hochberg method with a false discovery rate (FDR) of 5%. Error bars show mean ± SEM. *, q < 0.05; **, q < 0.01; ***, q < 0.001; ****, q < 0.0001.