Fig. 4

Modal pathways for mediated analyses. CMI is defined as the independent variable; GS is the outcome variable; and diabetes is the mediating variable. Path a represents the regression coefficient for the relationship between CMI and diabetes. Path b represents the regression coefficient of the relationship between diabetes and GS. Path c represents the simple total effect of CMI on GS. Path c’ represents the direct effect of CMI on GS after controlling for diabetes.