Table 2 Baseline characteristics of participants grouped according to sex.
Characteristic | Sex | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
Male, N = 1,667 | Female, N = 1,728 | ||
Age | 52 (36, 65) | 51 (35, 63) | 0.079 |
Race, n (%) | 0.117 | ||
Mexican American | 221 (13.26%) | 213 (12.33%) | |
Non-Hispanic White | 612 (36.71%) | 579 (33.51%) | |
Non-Hispanic Black | 411 (24.66%) | 456 (26.39%) | |
Other Races | 423 (25.37%) | 480 (27.78%) | |
Education level, n (%) | 0.010 | ||
Grades 0–12 | 333 (19.98%) | 280 (16.20%) | |
High school graduate/GED | 400 (24.00%) | 409 (23.67%) | |
Some college or above | 934 (56.03%) | 1,039 (60.13%) | |
Marital status, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||
Married/Living with Partner | 1,072 (64.31%) | 938 (54.28%) | |
Widowed/Divorced/Separated | 287 (17.22%) | 451 (26.10%) | |
Unmarried | 308 (18.48%) | 339 (19.62%) | |
PIR, n (%) | 0.012 | ||
< 2 | 605 (36.29%) | 711 (41.15%) | |
≥ 2 | 855 (51.29%) | 806 (46.64%) | |
Unclear | 207 (12.42%) | 211 (12.21%) | |
BMI (kg/m2) | < 0.001 | ||
< 25 | 412 (24.72%) | 458 (26.50%) | |
25–30 | 609 (36.53%) | 462 (26.74%) | |
≥ 30 | 646 (38.75%) | 808 (46.76%) | |
Smoking, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||
Current smokers | 372 (22.32%) | 266 (15.39%) | |
Former smokers | 510 (30.59%) | 334 (19.33%) | |
Never smokers | 785 (47.09%) | 1,128 (65.28%) | |
Alcohol consumption, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||
Yes | 1,127 (67.61%) | 764 (44.21%) | |
No | 540 (32.39%) | 964 (55.79%) | |
Hypertension, n (%) | 0.172 | ||
Yes | 773 (46.37%) | 761 (44.04%) | |
No | 894 (53.63%) | 967 (55.96%) | |
Diabetes, n (%) | 0.033 | ||
Yes | 338 (20.28%) | 301 (17.42%) | |
No | 1,329 (79.72%) | 1,427 (82.58%) | |
Asthma, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||
Yes | 217 (13.02%) | 328 (18.98%) | |
No | 1,450 (86.98%) | 1,400 (81.02%) | |
Coronary heart disease, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||
Yes | 103 (6.18%) | 42 (2.43%) | |
No | 1,564 (93.82%) | 1,686 (97.57%) | |
Liver disease, n (%) | 0.304 | ||
Yes | 90 (5.40%) | 80 (4.63%) | |
No | 1,577 (94.60%) | 1,648 (95.37%) | |
Cancer, n (%) | 0.206 | ||
Yes | 164 (9.84%) | 193 (11.17%) | |
No | 1,503 (90.16%) | 1,535 (88.83%) | |
Gallstones | < 0.001 | ||
Yes | 103 (6.18%) | 260 (15.05%) | |
No | 1,564 (93.82%) | 1,468 (84.95%) | |
Use of antihypertensive drugs | 0.083 | ||
Yes | 469 (28.13%) | 533 (30.84%) | |
No | 1,198 (71.87%) | 1,195 (69.16%) | |
Use of lipid-lowering drugs | 0.003 | ||
Yes | 402 (24.12%) | 344 (19.91%) | |
No | 1,265 (75.88%) | 1,384 (80.09%) | |
Protein intake (g) | 84 (63, 110) | 63 (49, 82) | < 0.001 |
Carbohydrate intake (g) | 251 (183, 332) | 198 (146, 257) | < 0.001 |
Total fat intake (g) | 87 (63, 120) | 67 (49, 91) | < 0.001 |
Water intake (g) | 2,749 (2,065, 3,661) | 2,340 (1,748, 3,013) | < 0.001 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 177 (152, 206) | 183 (159, 211) | < 0.001 |
Fasting glucose (mg/dl) | 105 (98, 117) | 101 (94, 112) | < 0.001 |
Height (cm) | 174 (169, 179) | 160 (156, 165) | < 0.001 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 101 (91, 112) | 98 (87, 111) | < 0.001 |
TG/HDL ratio | 0.87 (0.51, 1.46) | 0.67 (0.40, 1.10) | < 0.001 |
CMI | 0.51 (0.28, 0.92) | 0.42 (0.23, 0.73) | < 0.001 |
LAP | 39 (21, 67) | 39 (21, 67) | 0.902 |
TyG index | 8.53 (8.11, 9.01) | 8.39 (7.97, 8.86) | < 0.001 |
