Table 7 The electricity costs per day, the per-unit cost, and the percentage savings achieved for EV charging profiles 1, 2, and 3 with each optimization algorithm in case 2.
| Â | Â | Main grid | Without optimization | IQPSO | HBMO | EEWOA | Improved HHO |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EV profile 1 | Electricity cost (INR/day) | 10,387.50 | 7203.72 | 7178.80 | 6931.57 | 6881.71 | 6479.72 |
% Saving | – | 69.35 | 69.11 | 66.73 | 66.25 | 62.38 | |
Unit price (INR/kWh) | 5.00 | 3.46 | 3.45 | 3.33 | 3.31 | 3.11 | |
EV profile 2 | Electricity cost (INR/day) | 17,362.50 | 12,527.04 | 12,202.36 | 11,990.54 | 11,518.28 | 10,893.23 |
% Saving | – | 72.15 | 70.28 | 69.06 | 66.34 | 62.74 | |
Unit price (INR/kWh) | 5.00 | 3.60 | 3.51 | 3.45 | 3.31 | 3.13 | |
EV profile 3 | Electricity cost (INR/day) | 32,437.50 | 23,144.15 | 22,784.10 | 22,654.35 | 21,836.92 | 20,821.63 |
% Saving | – | 71.35 | 70.24 | 69.84 | 67.32 | 64.19 | |
Unit price (INR/kWh) | 5.00 | 3.56 | 3.51 | 3.49 | 3.36 | 3.20 |
