Table 9 The electricity costs per day, the per-unit cost, and the percentage savings achieved for EV charging profiles 1, 2, and 3 with each optimization algorithm in case 2.
| Â | Â | Main grid | Without optimization | IQPSO | HBMO | EEWOA | Improved HHO |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EV profile 1 | Electricity cost (INR/day) | 10,387.50 | 7412.52 | 7305.52 | 7047.91 | 6950.27 | 6615.79 |
% Saving | – | 28.64 | 29.67 | 32.15 | 33.09 | 36.31 | |
Unit price (INR/kWh) | 5.00 | 3.56 | 3.51 | 3.39 | 3.34 | 3.18 | |
EV profile 2 | Electricity cost (INR/day) | 17,362.50 | 12,620.80 | 12,386.40 | 12,259.66 | 11,681.49 | 11,106.79 |
% Saving | – | 27.31 | 28.66 | 29.36 | 32.72 | 36.03 | |
Unit price (INR/kWh) | 5.00 | 3.63 | 3.56 | 3.53 | 3.36 | 3.19 | |
EV profile 3 | Electricity cost (INR/day) | 32,437.50 | 23,543.13 | 23,166.86 | 22,741.93 | 22,209.95 | 21,123.30 |
% Saving | – | 27.42 | 28.58 | 29.89 | 31.53 | 34.88 | |
Unit price (INR/kWh) | 5.00 | 3.62 | 3.57 | 3.50 | 3.42 | 3.25 |
