Table 2 The associations of the quartile of serum carotenoids, relative to quartile 1 with SII.

From: Association of serum carotenoids and SII among general people, based on NHANES 2001–2006

Categories

Range

Model1

Model2

Model3

β(95%CI)

β(95%CI)

β(95%CI)

α-carotene (ug/dL)

 Continuous

 

− 23.49(− 30.80,− 16.17)

− 28.38(− 35.93,− 20.82)

− 21.82(− 29.22,− 14.42)

 Q1

 

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Q2

 

− 4.68(− 25.69, 16.34)

− 12.95(− 33.88, 7.99)

− 10.08(− 31.64, 11.48)

 Q3

 

− 38.29(− 59.09,− 17.49)

− 51.38(− 72.37,− 30.39)

− 45.07(− 69.05,− 21.08)

 Q4

 

− 52.49(− 75.12,− 29.86)

− 72.2(− 95.17,− 49.24)

− 56.46(− 82.10,− 30.81)

 P for trend

 

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

β-carotene (ug/dL)

 Continuous

 

− 22.26(− 31.28,− 13.23)

− 30.35(− 40.57,− 20.13)

− 22.40(− 32.37,− 12.44)

 Q1

 

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Q2

 

− 15.85(− 34.18, 2.48)

− 25.4( − 44.43, − 6.37)

− 15.21(− 34.01, 3.59)

 Q3

 

− 33.37(− 55.84,− 10.90)

− 50.12( − 72.03,− 28.20)

− 33.81(− 56.62,− 11.01)

 Q4

 

− 68.57(− 89.73,− 47.40)

− 99.12(− 122.29,− 75.96)

− 74.27(− 96.61,− 51.93)

 P for trend

 

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

β-cryptoxanthin (ug/dL)

 Continuous

 

− 29.17(− 39.23,− 19.12)

− 31.02(− 41.24,− 20.80)

− 19.51(− 30.22, − 8.80)

 Q1

 

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Q2

 

− 36.74( − 54.26,− 19.21)

− 36.85( − 54.81,− 18.90)

− 22.66(− 40.17, − 5.15)

 Q3

 

− 59.33( − 83.71,− 34.95)

− 59.48( − 83.63,− 35.32)

− 38.68(− 64.02,− 13.35)

 Q4

 

− 82.84(− 103.14,− 62.55)

− 86.60(− 107.44,− 65.75)

− 54.40(− 77.86,− 30.94)

 P for trend

 

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

Lutein/zeaxanthin (ug/dL)

 Continuous

 

− 34.42(− 42.81,− 26.04)

− 37.74(− 46.09,− 29.38)

− 26.52(− 35.53,− 17.52)

 Q1

 

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Q2

 

− 43.13( − 73.90,− 12.35)

− 44.14( − 74.61,− 13.66)

− 28.78( − 60.79, 3.23)

 Q3

 

− 70.72( − 94.78,− 46.65)

− 72.46( − 96.60,− 48.33)

− 50.71( − 76.42,− 25.01)

 Q4

 

− 97.8(− 121.16,− 74.44)

− 105.12(− 128.28,− 81.95)

− 74.31(− 100.41,− 48.21)

 P for trend

 

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

Trans-lycopene (ug/dL)

 Continuous

 

− 16.94(− 23.39,− 10.48)

− 12.01(− 19.26, − 4.76)

− 9.04(− 16.40, − 1.68)

 Q1

 

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Q2

 

− 43.06(− 69.19,− 16.94)

− 39.24(− 66.63,− 11.84)

− 36.01(− 63.98, − 8.04)

 Q3

 

− 36.19(− 55.69,− 16.68)

− 28.69(− 50.70, − 6.69)

− 23.56(− 46.37, − 0.74)

 Q4

 

− 53.19(− 76.44,− 29.94)

− 40.48(− 66.60,− 14.35)

− 33.23(− 59.61, − 6.86)

 P for trend

 

< 0.001

0.006

0.032

Total-carotene (ug/dL) 2003–2006

 Continuous

 

− 35.38(− 44.95,− 25.81)

− 37.82(− 47.77,− 27.87)

− 27.06(− 38.26,− 15.87)

 Q1

 

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Q2

 

− 27.99( − 51.40, − 4.58)

− 23.49( − 47.57, 0.58)

− 14.3( − 40.56, 11.95)

 Q3

 

− 46.93( − 74.99,− 18.87)

− 41.95( − 71.61,− 12.30)

− 22.69( − 56.41, 11.04)

 Q4

 

− 99.36(− 122.37,− 76.34)

− 101.41(− 125.34,− 77.49)

− 72.55(− 100.14,− 44.95)

 P for trend

 

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

  1. Model 1: no cofounder; Model 2: adjusted for age, sex; Model 3: further adjusted for race, education level, marital status, alcohol intake, smoking status, leisure-time physical activity, BMI, the family of poverty ratio, hypertension, diabetes, and CVD; total serum β-carotene was used in the analysis.