Table 9 Classification of excavation risk early warning for evaluation indicators.

From: Fusing multiple source data for foundation excavation risk assessment based on cloud model and Dempster Shafer evidence theory

Evaluation indicators

Unit

Early warning classification

I (Severe)

II (Moderate)

III (Mild)

IV (Normal)

E1 Friction angle

(o)

E1 ≥ 50

45 ≤ E1 < 50

35 ≤ E1 < 45

E1 < 35

E2 Soil unit weight

(kN/m3)

E2 ≥ 21

20 ≤ E2 < 21

15 ≤ E2 < 20

E2 < 15

E3 Surface settlement

(mm)

E3 ≥ 30

28 ≤ E3 < 30

21 ≤ E3 < 28

E3 < 21

E4 Retaining pile horizontal displacement

(mm)

E4 ≥ 20

19 ≤ E4 < 20

14 ≤ E4 < 19

E4 < 14

E5 Bottom uplift

(mm)

E5 ≥ 30

28 ≤ E5 < 30

21 ≤ E5 < 28

E5 < 21

  1. Note: If the value of evaluation indicators exceeds the threshold of IV, i.e., there is a level IV risk, BPA is set to 1. Similarly, if the value of evaluation indicators falls below the threshold of I, i.e., there is a level I risk, BPA is also set to 1.
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