Table 3 Antibiotics in urine samples worldwide.
From: Presence of antibiotics in children’s urine: a silent risk beyond drinking water
Antibiotics | Pampa (ng/L) | Pacocha (ng/L) | Shangai (ng/mL) | China (ng/mL) | Jiangsu (ng/mL) | Shanghai (ng/mL) | Ghana (ng/mL) | Shangai (ng/mL) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total of antibiotics | 19 | 21 | 26 | 32 | 24 | 23 | 9 | 21 |
Azithromycin | 252.12 | 201.68 | 100,000 | 0 | 4405 | 2864.4 | 766 | 7056.8 |
Ciprofloxacin | 815.64 | 58.49 | 950 | 147 | 34.19 | 39.09 | 247,000 | 21.08 |
Clarithromycin | 0.95 | 1.18 | 0 | 19 | 0 | 0.56 | 0 | 0 |
Clindamycin | 1.97 | 7.74 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Doxycycline | 1284.88 | 421.88 | 38 | 0 | 0 | 3.28 | 814 | 0 |
Levofloxacin | 29.87 | 10.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Metronidazole | 72.66 | 4227.31 | 0 | 0 | 2.38 | 0 | < LOD | 0 |
Moxifloxacin | 34.10 | 88.69 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Nalidixic acid | 1943.71 | 1904.72 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Norfloxacin | 91.39 | 26.80 | 2 | 51 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.38 |
Oxytetracycline | 68.76 | 110.81 | 19 | 65 | 2 | < LOD | 0 | 4.28 |
Sulfamethoxazole | 14.31 | 118.92 | 160 | 23 | 6.19 | < LOD | 1.85 | 1750 |
Tetracycline | 15.11 | 21.44 | 2.4 | 85 | 0 | 2.52 | 0 | 2.7 |
Trimethoprim | 586.26 | 507.23 | 150 | 292 | 16.39 | 10.55 | < LOD | 1268 |
Roxithromycin | 2.70 | 9.30 | 2.8 | 43 | 0.12 | 1.68 | 0 | 0.37 |
Erythromycin | 7.52 | 9.63 | 0 | 47 | 7541.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Oxalinic acid | 1.16 | 4.65 | 0 | 0 | 1.76 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Sulfathiazole | 186.36 | 1.12 | 0 | 0 | 5.29 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Sulfamethazine | 0.00 | 1.84 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.43 | 0 | 18.92 |
Flumequine | 0.00 | 2.18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Sulphapyridine | 0.00 | 5.52 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Author | This study | |||||||
