Table 2 Within-group differences and between-group differences.

From: Effects of an art-based intervention in older adults with dementia: a randomized controlled trial

Variable

Pairwise comparison of the CrEAS-AC group

Pairwise comparison of the SC control group

Between-group difference

T1 vs. T0

T2 vs. T0

T2 vs. T1

T1 vs. T0

T2 vs. T0

T2 vs. T1

T1 vs. T0

T2 vs. T0

MD (95% CI) Cohen’s d

MD (95% CI) Cohen’s d

MD (95% CI) Cohen’s d

MD (95% CI) Cohen’s d

MD (95% CI) Cohen’s d

MD (95% CI) Cohen’s d

MD (95% CI) Cohen’ss d

MD (95% CI) Cohen’s d

Primary outcome

 NPI

−4.54

(− 5.21, − 3.87)

P < 0.001

−1.52

−2.33

(− 2.92, − 1.75)

P < 0.001

−0.89

2.21

(1.78, 2.63)

P < 0.001

1.16

−0.67

(− 1.33, − 0.01)

P = 0.054

−0.22

−0.23

(− 0.82, 0.35)

P = 0.441

−0.09

0.44

(0.01, 0.86)

P = 0.048

0.23

−3.87

(−4.81, −2.93)

P < 0.001

−0.92

−2.10

(−2.93, −1.28)

P < 0.001

−0.57

 Caregiver distress

−2.85

(− 3.37, − 2.33)

P < 0.001

−1.23

−1.10

(− 1.67, − 0.54)

P < 0.001

−0.44

1.74

(1.18, 2.30)

P < 0.001

0.69

−0.67

(− 1.19, − 0.15)

P = 0.014

−0.29

−0.13

(− 0.69, 0.43)

P = 0.656

−0.05

0.54

(− 0.02, 1.10)

P = 0.064

0.21

−2.18

(−2.91, −1.45)

P < 0.001

−0.66

−0.97

(−1.77, −0.18)

P = 0.019

−0.27

 AES-I

−3.33

(− 3.78, − 2.89)

P < 0.001

−1.68

−2.03

(− 2.45, − 1.60)

P < 0.001

−1.06

1.31

(0.97, 1.64)

P < 0.001

0.87

−1.44

(− 1.88, − 0.99)

P < 0.001

−0.72

−0.51

(− 0.94, − 0.09)

P = 0.021

−0.27

0.92

(0.59, 1.26)

P < 0.001

0.61

−1.90

(−2.53, −1.27)

P < 0.001

−0.67

−1.53

(−2.12, −0.91)

P < 0.001

−0.56

Secondary outcomes

 SFACS-S

0.27

(0.22, 0.31)

P < 0.001

1.32

0.15

(0.11, 0.19)

P < 0.001

0.87

−0.11

(−0.15, −0.08)

P < 0.001

−0.76

0.02

(− 0.03, 0.06)

P = 0.405

0.10

−0.03

(− 0.06, 0.01)

P = 0.211

−0.14

−0.04

(− 0.08, − 0.01)

P = 0.010

−0.30

0.25

(0.18, 0.31)

P < 0.001

0.86

0.18

(0.12, 0.23)

P < 0.001

0.72

 SFACS-C

0.24

(0.18, 0.29)

P < 0.001

0.98

0.11

(0.07,0.15)

P < 0.001

0.64

−0.12

(−0.16, −0.08)

P < 0.001

−0.71

0.02

(− 0.04, 0.07)

P = 0.559

0.07

−0.02

(− 0.06, 0.02)

P = 0.400

−0.10

−0.03

(− 0.07, 0.01)

P = 0.097

−0.19

0.22

(0.14, 0.30)

P < 0.001

0.65

0.13

(0.08, 0.19)

P < 0.001

0.52

 QOL-AD

3.08

(2.71, 3.45)

P < 0.001

1.87

1.46

(1.07, 1.85)

P < 0.001

0.84

−1.62

(− 1.94, − 1.29)

P < 0.001

−1.12

0.56

(0.20, 0.93)

P = 0.004

0.34

−0.03

(− 0.41, 0.36)

P = 0.898

−0.01

−0.59

(− 0.91, − 0.27)

P = 0.001

−0.41

2.51

(1.99, 3.03)

P < 0.001

1.08

1.49

(0.94, 2.04)

P < 0.001

0.60

 ADL

−0.08

(− 0.38, 0.22)

P = 0.614

−0.06

−0.26

(-0.49, − 0.03)

P = 0.032

−0.25

−0.18

(− 0.38, 0.02)

P = 0.079

−0.20

−0.10

(− 0.40, 0.20)

P = 0.502

−0.08

−0.41

(− 0.64, − 0.18)

P = 0.001

−0.40

−0.31

(− 0.51, − 0.11)

P = 0.003

−0.35

0.03

(-0.40, 0.45)

P = 0.905

0.01

0.15

(−0.17, 0.48)

P = 0.357

0.11

 CBI

−4.23

(− 4.92, − 3.54)

P < 0.001

−1.36

−2.31

(− 2.90, − 1.72)

P < 0.001

−0.88

1.92

(1.48, 2.37)

P < 0.001

0.96

-0.85

(− 1.54, − 0.15)

P = 0.019

−0.27

−0.08

(− 0.67, 0.51)

P = 0.798

−0.03

0.77

(0.32, 1.22)

P = 0.001

0.38

−3.39

(−4.36, −2.41)

P < 0.001

−0.77

−2.23

(−3.06, −1.40)

P < 0.001

−0.60

  1. NPI neuropsychiatric inventory, AES-I apathy evaluation scale-informant, SFACS-S subscales of the functional assessment of communication skills social communication dimension, SFACS-C subscales of the functional assessment of communication skills communication of basic needs dimension, QOL-AD quality of life-Alzheimer’s disease, ADL activity of daily living, CBI caregiver burden inventory, MD mean difference, CI confidence interval.
  2. Bold: p < 0.05.
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