Table 2 Comprehensive comparison with other dry electrodes.
Sl. no. | Substrate/matrix/support | Conductive part | Pre-clinical/clinical evaluation details | Electrode performance | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | PDMS | Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), graphene nanoplatelets | Single subject | Identical ECG waveform when compared with conventional wet electrodes | Oner and Yuce 202348 |
2 | PDMS | 1D single-walled carbon nanotubes, 2D reduced graphene oxide (rGO) | Not mentioned | Electrode performance was better than conventional electrode with low contact resistance | Kim et al. 202249 |
3 | PDMS | Carbon black (CB) | Four healthy subjects | No significant loss in SNR after 2 days of monitoring | Wang et al. 202150 |
4 | PDMS | PEDOT: PSS | Single volunteer | Inkjet-printed conductive and stretchable electrodes showed clear ECG morphology | Lo et al. 202151 |
5 | PDMS | rGO, AgNRs | Single volunteer | Flexible dry electrode produced similar signal compared to wet electrode | Maithani et al. 202252 |
6 | PDMS | rGO | A healthy male volunteer | SNR of dry electrodes was 27.2 dB, greater than those obtained using Ag/AgCl electrodes (25.7 dB) | Baloda et al. 202453 |
7 | Ecoflex | CB | Not mentioned | Stretchable electrodes with a high % of CB showed better ECG signals | Garcia-Garcia et al. 202354 |
8 | Polyester | Silver | Ten subjects, including AF patients | 99.8% correlation in RR interval | Xiao et al. 20239 |
9 | Cotton | PEDOT: PSS | Single healthy volunteer | Developed textile electrodes showed similar ECG morphology compared to wet electrode | Maithani et al. 202255 |
10 | PEDOT: PSS | PEDOT: PSS | Not mentioned | The developed electrode has a high SNR (22.54 dB) compared to the wet electrode (19.52 dB) on dry skin | Gao et al. 202356 |
11 | Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) | MWCNTs | Ten healthy subjects | SNR of dry electrodes (23.1 dB) was better than the wet Ag/AgCl electrodes (21.2 dB) | Masihi et al. 202257 |
12 | Polyimide | Silver | Five healthy volunteers | Same performance compared to gel electrodes | Momota et al. 202358 |
13 | Polyamide | Silver, carbon | Ten healthy volunteers | SNR greater than 28 dB was obtained with almost similar performance in ECG morphology | Ferri et al. 202259 |
14 | PDMS | AgNRs | Fifty subjects (41 CVD and 9 healthy) | Performance evaluated with SNR, ECG signal compared with conventional electrode using mean and maximum amplitude, HR compared, R-R interval comparison | This work |
